R. K. Kamble

Relatively, a large percentage of world population is affected by diabetes mellitus. Up to last decade, an insulin injection by subcutaneous route was mainly used. Due to the inconvenience of insulin injections, various approaches have been attempted to formulate insulin for administration by non-injectable routes. Currently different approaches to deliver insulin including Pens, Jet Injectors, Pumps and Patches have been used. In addition to advances, research in Islet cell transplant, Nano pump, Gene therapy, Artificial pancreas sensor therapy and Boronate glucose responsive system may take the threshold of developing a practical application in future.

Acid-related disorders, including gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD), duodenal ulcers, and gastric ulcers, are managed by H2 receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). PPIs represent first choice for treating acid-peptic ulcers inhibits the gastric- H+/ K+ -ATPase through covalent binding to cysteine residues of the proton pump. Achlorhydria and acute renal failure are the most common drawbacks. A reversible acid pump antagonist (APAs), currently in clinical trial removes these problems. The APAs are the conceivable future drugs for the treatment of acid-peptic disorders.