Mangala Lahkar

An organism is called “susceptible” to a drug when the infection caused by it is likely to act in response to treatment with this drug, at the suggested dosage. There are many bacterial species, including E.coli are showing an increasing resistance to antibiotics and E.coli is an important pathogen of urinary tract. The growing Prevelance of antimicrobial resistance is a most important health problem and is linked with high morbidity and mortality. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of gram negative was observed towards Nitrofurantoin (55.38%) followed by Cotrimaxazole (22.96%), amikacin (25.93) and Ceftriaxone (12.85%) in case of E.coli and Klebsiella. Enterococcus shown maximum sensitivity to linezolid (89.11%) followed by Nitrofurantoin (51.69%), but ofloxicin (9.7%), Imipenem (9.41%) and Amikacin shown very low sensivity. So, the decision on selection of antibiotic therapy should be made in discussion with microbiologist and pharmacist.

The controlled processes that provide functional integration between cells and organs are impaired in the elderly persons. As a result, there occur failures to maintain homeostasis under physiological stress conditions. In the advancing age, the important pharmacokinetic as well as pharmacodynamics properties are tremendously changed. In elderly patients failure to maintain the pharmacokinetic changes include decreased absorption of number of drugs, increase in volume of distribution of drugs, decrease hepatic and renal clearances where as pharmacodynamic changes involve usually altered sensivity to number of classes of drugs such as cardiovascular, anticoagulants and psychotropic drugs. The inappropriate medication use is a major health care issue for the elderly population. Beers criteria were developed in 1991 to define inappropriate medication use of elderly. By developing these new criteria, a clear picture emerged for a list of medications with questionable benefit and/or significant risk that should be avoided in older adults.

Escueltin is a coumarin derivative with wide range of biological activity. In the present study we investigated the protective effects of esculetin against cyclophosphamide induced oxidative stress and DNA damage. Following parameters were evaluated: (a) chromosomal aberration and mitotic index; (b) micronuclei formation and polychromatic erythrocyte frequency, and (c) malondialdehyde, glutathione and superoxide dismutase levels in liver homogenates. CP (50 mg/kg intraperitopeanlly) treatment significantly increased the different types of aberrant cells and micronuclei formation in bone marrow cells of mice. It also increase the lipid peroxidation and decreased glutathione and superoxide dismutase activity in liver. Whereas, pretreatment with esculetin (50, 75 and 100 mg/kg, per orally) alleviated aberrations in chromosome and lessened micronuclei formation. Esculetin pretreatment also shielded the liver of mice against cyclophosphamide induced oxidative stress as the levels of oxidative stress markers where near normal levels. Protective effect of esculetin correlated well with its genoprotective activity. It can be concluded that esculetin offsets cyclophosphamide induced oxidative stress and resulting DNA damage and can be useful as a chemopreventive agent against cyclophosphamide induced toxicity.