Deepthi B

Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) represent a pivotal technology in pulmonary drug delivery, offering advantages such as improved stability, breath-actuated dosing, and enhanced patient convenience. This review presents an in-depth exploration of DPIs, from foundational principles to emerging innovations. Beginning with the historical development and physiological basis for pulmonary delivery, the review delves into the mechanisms of DPI function, highlighting the importance of aerodynamic particle behavior and key physicochemical properties. Critical formulation components such as active pharmaceutical ingredients, carrier particles, and excipients are examined alongside particle engineering and manufacturing technologies essential for scalable, high-quality production. Device design and aerosolization mechanisms are discussed in the context of usability, patient handling, and dose consistency. In vitro and in vivo performance evaluation techniques, including aerosol characterization, deposition studies, and pharmacokinetics, are reviewed. This review also captures recent advances in nanotechnology, biologics delivery, smart inhalers, and vaccine formulations. Regulatory frameworks, market dynamics, and current commercial DPI products are assessed to provide a comprehensive view of the global landscape. Finally, future directions are outlined, including personalized medicine approaches, sustainable inhaler technologies, and opportunities for innovation in systemic and respiratory therapies.

The present study was carried out in fabricating gastro retentive formulation of an antipsychotic drug using semi synthetic and natural polymers. Floating tablets were prepared by direct compression method using directly compressible microcrystalline cellulose as vehicle. Gum Xanthan and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC E4M) were used as polymers for sustaining the drug release and sodium bicarbonate was used as an effervescent agent. Tablets were characterized for their pre compression and post compression parameters. Floating characteristics like floating lag time, floating time were evaluated and were considered as one of the factor for selecting the best formulation. The in vitro release studies were carried out in pH 1.2 buffer for 8hrs. The content uniformity was found to be within the compendial requirements and the release was extended for more than 8hrs. The best fit release kinetics was achieved with zero order followed by higuchi and non-fickian diffusion. The release of Quetiapine fumarate was significantly influenced by the concentration of polymer.