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📢 Latest Update: New special issue call for papers on "Emerging Technologies in Research" - Submit by March 31, 2025

📢 Latest Update: New special issue call for papers on "Emerging Technologies in Research" - Submit by March 31, 2025

April 2020 Issue 2

Volume 10, Issue 2 - $2020

Volume 10 Issue 2 Cover

Issue Details:

Volume 10 Issue 2
Published:Invalid Date

Editorial: April 2020 Issue 2

Welcome to the 2020 issue of American Journal of PharmTech Research. This issue showcases the remarkable breadth and depth of contemporary research across multiple disciplines. From cutting-edge applications of machine learning in climate science to the revolutionary potential of quantum computing in drug discovery, our featured articles demonstrate the power of interdisciplinary collaboration in addressing global challenges.

We are particularly excited to present research that bridges traditional academic boundaries, reflecting our journal's commitment to fostering innovation through cross-disciplinary dialogue. The integration of artificial intelligence with environmental science, the application of blockchain technology to supply chain management, and the convergence of urban planning with smart city technologies exemplify the transformative potential of collaborative research.

As we continue to navigate an era of rapid technological advancement and global challenges, the research presented in this issue offers both insights and solutions that will shape our future. We thank our authors, reviewers, and editorial board members for their continued dedication to advancing knowledge and promoting scientific excellence.

Dr Hemangi J Patel
Editor-in-Chief
American Journal of PharmTech Research

Articles in This Issue

Showing 26 of 26 articles
Research PaperID: AJPTR102001

To Study the Doctor’s Perception While Prescribing Antibiotic-Cefixime With Reference To Macron Labs

Pooja Sharma, Sudhinder Singh Chowhan

This research is prepared is on “To Study the doctor’s perception while prescribing the antibiotic – cefixime in Mumbai, thane. This research paper has been presented based on my observation and experience gathered from field survey in macron lab. An organization has many divisions and departments but focus is given more on the level of brand strategy of the marketing department specially in the pharmaceutical industries due to the high competition. this survey evaluates knowledge, attitudes and perception of doctor about prescribing the antibiotic - cefixime. This study also helped to learn about Several factors influenced prescribing, including patients' expectations, severity and duration of infections. The result of the research is described in details in this report. After knowing the perception and brand image of the antibiotic cefixime a lot of finding came up. The research also consists of recommendations and conclusion according to my point of view which would improve the prescription of doctors towards the antibiotic (gramocef-o) which is manufactured by macron labs.

AntibioticPerceptionPatientDoctorPrescriptionBrand Image.
311,991 views
93,594 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2020.v10.i2.001

Contributors:

 Pooja Sharma
,
 Sudhinder Singh Chowhan
Research PaperID: AJPTR102002

Prescribing Pattern of Chemotherapy Regimens In Breast Cancer

Ramsagar Sah, Bodagala Guru Lakshmi Priyanka, Shifa Nurain, Anandakrishnan S, Mahadevamma L

Cancer is a disease of abnormal, uncoordinated, uncontrolled and purposeless cell division in any part of body. The leading cause of death in women is due to breast cancer that accounts for 12.7% around the globe. This study aims to describe the prescribing trends and possible avenues for improving of chemotherapy drugs in breast cancer patients. The prospective observational was conducted among 178 patients in the Medical Oncological Department of Apollo Multispecialty Hospital and Research Center for a period of 6 months. The data was assessed and evaluated using statistical tool. The number of patients receiving adjuvant, neoadjuvant and palliative therapy was 131,10 and 37 respectively. The most commonly prescribed drug as monotherapy in adjuvant, neoadjuvant and palliative therapy was paclitaxel (14.5%) or zoledronic acid (14.5%), trastuzumab (40%) and zoledronate (45.9%) respectively. The most commonly prescribed combinational regimens drug in adjuvant, neoadjuvant and palliative therapy was Cyclophosphamide with Docetaxel (15.30%), Cyclophosphamide with Docetaxel (20%) or cyclophosphamide with Epirubicin (20%) and Letrozole with zoledronate (21.6%). Dexamethasone, ondansetron and pantoprazole (100%) were co administered in all the patients during their chemotherapy cycles. The observed side effects were back pain, anemia, neutropenia, insomnia, anxiety, myalgia, cough. The prescribed chemotherapy drugs for the breast cancer meet the criteria of patient’s adherence. Breast cancer is a prevalent type of cancer that require long term therapy and monitoring to evaluate and refine the therapeutic regimen of breast cancer to provide the extension and better quality of life.

CancerBreast cancerChemotherapyprescribing trends
312,126 views
93,525 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2020.v10.i2.002

Contributors:

 Ramsagar Sah
,
 Bodagala Guru Lakshmi Priyanka
,
 Shifa Nurain
,
 Anandakrishnan S
,
 Mahadevamma L
Research PaperID: AJPTR102003

Preformulation Testing Studies of Solid Dosage Forms.

A.R.Golhar, V.K.Ghume, A.N.Merekar, M.D.Dokhe

Preformulation is a group of studies that focus on the physicochemical properties of a new drug candidate that could affect the drug performance and the development of a dosage form. This could provide important information for formulation design or support the need for molecular modification. Every drug has intrinsic chemical and physical properties which has been consider before development of pharmaceutical formulation. This property provides the framework for drugs combination with pharmaceutical ingredient in the fabrication of dosage form. Objective of Preformulation study is to develop the elegant, stable, effective and safe dosage form by establishing kinetic rate profile, compatibility with the other ingredients and establish physico-chemical parameter of new drug substances. Among these properties drug solubility, partition coefficient, dissolution rate, polymorphic forms and solubility are plays important role in Preformulation study. Polymorphism having crystal and amorphous forms shows different chemical, physical and therapeutic description of the drug molecule. This article explains some properties and therapeutic for Preformulation parameters of drug.

PreformulationSolubilityPartition Coefficient.
312,207 views
93,691 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2020.v10.i2.003

Contributors:

 A.R.Golhar
,
 V.K.Ghume
,
 A.N.Merekar
,
 M.D.Dokhe
Research PaperID: AJPTR102004

Transdermal Drug Delivery System: A Review

V.K. Ghume, A.R. Golhar, A.N. Merekar, M.D. Dokhe, S.K.Parjane

Transdermal patches are designed to deliver a therapeutically effective amount of drug across the skin membrane. In order to deliver therapeutic agents through the skin for systemic effects, the great physicochemical, morphological and biological properties of the skin are taken into consideration. Transdermal drug delivery system offers controlled release of drug substance into patient’s skin, it enables a mild blood level profile, resulting in reduced systemic side effects over the other dosage forms. Transdermal delivery is more convenient and painless technique for administration of drugs. It provides vanguard over injectables and oral route by increasing patient compliance and avoiding first pass metabolism respectively. The formation of transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) has been one of the most innovative approaches of drug deliveries.

Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS)Transport mechanismPermeation mechanismIontophoresisMicroneedles.
312,434 views
93,704 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2020.v10.i2.004

Contributors:

 V.K. Ghume
,
 A.R. Golhar
,
 A.N. Merekar
,
 M.D. Dokhe
,
 S.K.Parjane
Research PaperID: AJPTR102005

Utilization of Antibiotics in Surgical Prophylaxis A - Prospective Study

Anandakrishnan S, Monisha Joshi Kudali, Bodagala Guru Lakshmi Priyanka, Ashish Mathew, Ramsagar Sah, Mahadevamma L

Surgery is the art of practice or work of treating diseases, injuries or deformities by manual or operative procedures. Before the start of operative procedures, a very brief course of antibiotics is initiated. This study aims to study the antibiotic utilization in surgical prophylaxis. This was a prospective and observational study conducted on 303 patients for a period of 06 months with the approval of institutional ethical committee from the Apollo multi specialty hospital & research center. Those who satisfied the study criteria were consented and participated for the study. Among 303 patients 183 male and 120 females were enrolled for the study. Most of the participants were in the age group of 31- 40 years. 205 patients had a clean- contaminated wound. Inj. Cefuroxime was the most prescribed prophylactic and post-surgical antibiotic in this study to avoid surgical site infection. None of the patients had developed any surgical site infections and the results which were satisfiable. Rational therapy with antibiotics helped patients to improve the quality of life by reducing financial and physical burden.

Antibioticsprescription patternsurgical prophylaxis.
312,113 views
93,693 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2020.v10.i2.005

Contributors:

 Anandakrishnan S
,
 Monisha Joshi Kudali
,
 Bodagala Guru Lakshmi Priyanka
,
 Ashish Mathew
,
 Ramsagar Sah
,
 Mahadevamma L
Research PaperID: AJPTR102006

Formulation and Evaluation of Transdermal Film of Tolterodine

Sujeetkumar I. Ahire, Sandhya S.Ahire

Historically, developments in transdermal drug delivery have been incremental, focusing on overcoming problems associated with the barrier properties of the skin, reducing skin irritation rates and improving the aesthetics associated with passive patch systems. Transdermally delivery of drugs avoid first pass metabolism, decrease dose to be administered, reduces side effects, eliminate gastrointestinal side effects. Drug with short half life and narrow therapeutic index can be safely administered since better control of release is possible. Transdermal drug delivery-the delivery of drugs across the skin into systemic circulation is distinct from topical drug penetration, which targets local areas11.Transdermal drug delivery takes advantage of the relative accessibility of skin2.“TRANSDERMAL”route is most promising and has received a lot of attention because the skin has minimal proteolytic enzyme activity7. Route for systemic drug administration has become very attractive since the introduction of transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) in the form of patches10 .The present invention relates to transdermal administration of tolterodine, for achieving more constant serum concentrations during a dosage interval; minimize side effects in comparison to immediate release tablets, while clinical efficacy is maintained.

Transdermaltherapeutic indexdrug penetration tolterodine
312,264 views
93,838 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2020.v10.i2.006

Contributors:

 Sujeetkumar I. Ahire
,
 Sandhya S.Ahire
Research PaperID: AJPTR102007

Development of Validated Bioanalytical RP-HPLC Method for Determination of Sofosbuvir In Human Plasma

S. Satheshkumar, V. Muruganatham

A linear, precise, accurate and simple reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) bioanalytical method was developed and validated for determination of sofosbuvir in human plasma (K2EDTA) using ledipasvir as an internal standard. Sofosbuvir and ledipasvir (ISTD) were separated from plasma using solid phase extraction technique and The chromatographic separation was accomplished by using a Zorbax eclipse XDB C18 Column (250×4.6 mm i.d, 5 μm particle size) with 1% orthophosphoric acid (pH6.4) and Acetonitrile in the ratio of 30:70% v/v, as mobile phase in an isocratic elution mode pumped at a flow rate 0.7 mL/min and the column oven temperature was maintained at 25?C. The wavelength selected for quantitation was 254 nm. Retention times of sofosbuvir and internal standard were found to be 3.8min and 7.4min, respectively. The standard curves were found to be linear in the range of 30.566-2000.381 ng/ml for sofosbuvir in human plasma. This method performed an intra-day and inter-day precision within the range of 2.44–11.14 and 5.01–8.70%, respectively. Additional intra-day and inter-day accuracy was within the range of 87.99–105.93% and 94.97–99.18% respectively. Total percentage mean recovery of sofosbuvir from spiked plasma was found to be 86.54%. All the validated parameters were found to be within the Acceptance limit.

Human plasmaRP-HPLCSofosbuvirSolid phase extraction.
312,346 views
93,705 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2020.v10.i2.007

Contributors:

 S. Satheshkumar
,
 V. Muruganatham
Research PaperID: AJPTR102008

A Review On Nanocrystals In Drug Delivery

S.M.Sase, A.N.Merekar, M.D.Dokhe, S.K.Parjane

Throughout the last 20 years, several trendy technologies are established within the pharmaceutical analysis and development space. The automation of the drug drug discovery method by technologies like high output screening, combinatorial chemistry and computer aided drug design is resulting in a huge range of drug candidates possessing a very good efficacy. Unfortunately, several of drug candidates are a unit exhibiting poor liquid solubility. The use of drug nanocrystal is an universal formulation approach to extend the therapeutic performance of those medication in any route of administration. Drug nanocrystals are crystals with a size range in the nanometer range, meaning that they are nanoparticles with a crystalline character. This review describes the chemistry properties of drug nanocrystals, production method and potential clinical advantages. Poorly soluble medication are usually difficult drawback in drug formulation. Reducing the particle size of a drug to a nono-scale leads to an increased in surface area-to-volume ratio, increased dissolution velocity and improved in vivo performance of poorly soluble drugs.

NanocrystalsNanosuspensionSurfactantStabilizerBioavailability enhancement.
312,621 views
93,866 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2020.v10.i2.008

Contributors:

 S.M.Sase
,
 A.N.Merekar
,
 M.D.Dokhe
,
 S.K.Parjane
Research PaperID: AJPTR102009

Analytical Method Validation For The Determination Of Fumaric Acid Content In Quetiapine Hemi Fumarate By RP-HPLC

B. Venkateswara Reddy, V. Anuradha, D. Ramachandran

A new, simple, rapid, selective, precise and accurate isocratic reverse phase high performance liquid Chromatography assay method has been developed for estimation of Fumaric acid in Quetiapine hemi fumarate drug substance. The separation was achieved by using column Hypersil C18 (250×4.6mm, 5µm), in mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and pH 3.0 phosphate buffer, adjusted to pH 3.0 with the help of dilute orthophosphoric acid in the gradient elution. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min-1 and the separated Fumaric acid was detected using UV detector at the wavelength of 210 nm. Column temperature 25°C and sample temperature ambient and injection volume 20µl. The retention time of Fumaric acid, was noted to be 3.65 min respectively, indicative of rather shorter analysis time. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines. The proposed method was found to be accurate, reproducible, and consistent.

Liquid ChromatographyFumaric acid andQuetiapine hemi fumarate and Validation
312,700 views
93,877 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2020.v10.i2.009

Contributors:

 B. Venkateswara Reddy
,
 V. Anuradha
,
 D. Ramachandran
Research PaperID: AJPTR102010

Determination of some Heavy metals in Sediment samples collected from Elabedia Traditional Gold Mining area – Sudan

Sumia A, Nimir, Nada1 Omar, Abdellah, Adil A, Mujawah

The present study was conducted to determine the concentration of heavy metals in some selected    sediment samples from traditional gold mining area at Elabdeia Berber city Nile State Sudan. In addition, soil samples were collected from the site   of the study to serves as control. The heavy metals were analyzed using X-Ray Fluoresce. The results were treated statistically by ANOVA analysis and multivariate analysis such as cluster.  Based on obtained results, the average concentrations for Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn were very high in the sediment.  The concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cr, and Cu were very higher in the soil (control) than in sediment, but the concentration of Pb and Zn were higher in sediment and this attributed to industrial and extraction of gold mining. The results of this study were compared with previous literature. 

Gold miningheavy metalsX-Ray Fluorescepollution.
313,138 views
93,984 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2020.v10.i2.010

Contributors:

 Sumia A
,
 Nimir
,
 Nada1 Omar
,
 Abdellah
,
 Adil A
,
 Mujawah
Research PaperID: AJPTR102011

A Study on Prescribing Pattern of Antimicrobial Agents Used in Treating Sepsis

Alsanas T, Anujaa Das, Jakkula Soumya Rani, Ashish Mathew, Dharshini NM, Mahadevammma L

Sepsis is defined as life threatening systemic or local infection due to dysregulated host response, which can lead to organ or tissue damage or death. Hence it is necessary to monitor the disease. Due to lack of data on prescription patterns, it is essential to conduct such studies. To analyze prescribing patterns of Antimicrobial agents used in treating sepsis.: It was a Prospective and Observational study which was conducted for a period of 6 months in all the departments of Apollo multi-specialty hospital. All the patients admitted with  sepsis during the study period were  screened for the use of any Antimicrobials. Those who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, were enrolled for the study. Therapeutic data such as name of drugs, doses, route of administration, duration & other laboratory data was collected and documented in a suitably designed data collection form. The Data was evaluated by using suitable statistical tools. Out of 146 patients, 95 patients (28.28%) were prescribed with Carbapenem. In this study, blood was majorly used as specimen. The commonly found causative organism was E.coli in 50 patients (32.17%) which largely effected females than males. Meropenem was found to be the major drug sensitive to E.coli. Septic shock and death were the major complications found. Health care professionals must understand the usage of antimicrobial agents for specific conditions in sepsis patients so as to minimize adverse drug reactions, complications, antimicrobial agent resistance and improve patient quality of life. The number of antimicrobial drugs prescribed to this group of patients must be minimized so as to reduce toxic effects, burden of resistance, to ensure effective treatment and improve patient safety.

SepsisPrescription patternAntimicrobial agents.
313,118 views
93,883 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2020.v10.i2.011

Contributors:

 Alsanas T
,
 Anujaa Das
,
 Jakkula Soumya Rani
,
 Ashish Mathew
,
 Dharshini NM
,
 Mahadevammma L
Research PaperID: AJPTR102012

Formulation and Determination of Sun Protection Factor In A Cream With Naturally Occurring Traditional Constituents

Brinda Sreelesh, Gitika Dhingra, Neelam Seervi, Mayur Shinde

SPF (Sun Protection Factor) measures amount of protection a product provides to the skin from the harmful UV rays of the sun. The present research work deals with determining effectiveness of sunscreen formulations containing naturally occurring herbal actives. Sunscreens with synthetic active ingredients adversely effect the skin in long term while the herbal ingredients have been found to be more effective with fewer side effects. The selected herbs include roots of Rubia cardifolia, heartwood of Prunus cerasoides and roots of Vetiveria zizanioides. Formulations were prepared with each of these selected herbal ingredients in varying concentrations and an integrated preparation using concentrations found most effective. SPF was calculated for all formulations using the spectrophotometric method and then applying the Mansur equation. The results of the study depicted that the integrated formulation containing 25% concentration each of Prunus cerasoides, Rubia cardifolia and Veteveria zizanioides provided maximum sun protection.

Sun protection factorRubia cardifoliaPrunus cerasoidesVeteveria zizanioidessunscreen.
313,108 views
93,898 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2020.v10.i2.012

Contributors:

 Brinda Sreelesh
,
 Gitika Dhingra
,
 Neelam Seervi
,
 Mayur Shinde
Research PaperID: AJPTR102013

Review On Recent Analytical Techniques Used in Forensic Sciences

Mohan Raj KV, Vinod Kumar K, Prashant D Ghode, Bhargav E

The intention of this paper was to review and discuss the some of the quantitative analytical methods used in forensic science for the analysis of trace evidences collected from the various scene incidents. The forensic scientists were depend upon the instrumental analysis of trace amounts of materials like drugs, toxicological specimens, fibers, glass, GSR, soil, etc. Differences in manufacture of chemical composition are observed and that allows considerable discrimination even with very small traces of fragments. Most on GSR, GSR analysis sometimes becomes very important to right direction of inquiry, from where the GSR is obtained and from which surfaces the GSR has produced, played an important aspect of investigations. Reviews on these techniques, which are used more extensively in forensic sciences, were reported through this paper. Based on the analytical problem facing forensic scientists, our study will summarize and use these techniques to tackle them such as chromatography, Raman spectroscopy, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) techniques.

ForensicsChromatographyAtomic Absorption SpectroscopyTandem mass spectroscopy.
313,147 views
94,057 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2020.v10.i2.013

Contributors:

 Mohan Raj KV
,
 Vinod Kumar K
,
 Prashant D Ghode
,
 Bhargav E
Research PaperID: AJPTR102014

Preparation and In Vitro Evaluation Of Transdermal Patch Of Aceclofenac

K. Sravanthi, D. Rama Brahma Reddy, A. Sirisha, A. Pavani, B. Kanaka mahaLakshmi, B. Sowjanya

The purpose of this research was to develop a matrix-type transdermal therapeutic system containing drug Aceclofenac with different ratios of hydrophilic (hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose) and hydrophobic (methyl cellulose) polymeric systems by the solvent casting technique. Formulated transdermal patches were physically evaluated with regard to thickness, weight variation, drug content, flatness, tensile strength, folding endurance, percentage of moisture content and water vapour transmission rate. All prepared formulations indicated good physical stability. In-vitro drug studies of formulations were performed by using Franz diffusion cells. The results followed the release profile of Aceclofenac followed mixed zero-order. However, the release profile of the optimized formulation F9 (99.50±0.09) indicated that the permeation of the drug from the patches was governed by a diffusion mechanism. Formulation F9 showed highest flux among all the formulations and 217±7.42 fold enhancements in drug permeation.

AceclofenacTransdermal PatchIn vitro drug study.
313,519 views
94,130 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2020.v10.i2.014

Contributors:

 K. Sravanthi
,
 D. Rama Brahma Reddy
,
 A. Sirisha
,
 A. Pavani
,
 B. Kanaka mahaLakshmi
,
 B. Sowjanya
Research PaperID: AJPTR102015

Recent Status of Dengue Cases, Death and Evolving Curative Herbal Remedies - A Systemic Review of Scientific Evidence

Senthil kumari.C, Indumathi Ayyappan Pillai. A, Kamatchi A, Immanuel M

Dengue, a rejuvenating viral disease is a mosquito borne tropical disease caused by dengue virus. It is disseminated by Aedes mosquito, particularly Aedes aegypti.  Symptoms typically begin three or fourteen days after infection, which include a high fever, headache, vomiting, muscle and joint pain and a characteristics skin rash. If it is a severe dengue also known as dengue haemorrhagic fever resulting in bleeding, low level of blood platelets, blood plasma leakage or into dengue shock syndrome where dangerously low blood pressure occurs. Countries like India, a land of traditional medicines are focusing mainly on the herbal medicines as a trusted approach, since there are no effective treatment available for dengue if properly treated mortality can be reduced. Out of 22 plants, only 4 species were studied scientifically- Azadirachta indica, Carica papaya, Hippophae rhamnoides and Cissampelos pareira. This article aims on the review of recent status of dengue and curative herbal remedies.

Basal metabolic panelDengueFlavivirusHerbal medicines.
313,625 views
94,087 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2020.v10.i2.015

Contributors:

 Senthil kumari.C
,
 Indumathi Ayyappan Pillai. A
,
 Kamatchi A
,
 Immanuel M
Research PaperID: AJPTR102016

A Review On: Colon Targeted Drug Delivery System

Ayushi M. Pawar, Swapnil R. Patil, Tushar D. Fegade

Colon-specific drug delivery systems (CDDS) are desirable for the treatment of a range of local diseases such as ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, irritable bowel syndrome, chronic pancreatitis, and colonic cancer. In addition, the colon can be a potential site for the systemic absorption of several drugs to treat non-colonic conditions. Drugs such as proteins and peptides that are known to degrade in the extreme gastric pH, if delivered to the colon intact, can be systemically absorbed by colonic mucosa. In order to achieve effective therapeutic outcomes, it is imperative that the designed delivery system specifically targets the drugs into the colon. Several formulation approaches have been explored in the development colon-targeted drug delivery systems. Colon targeting holds a great potential and still need more innovative work. This review article discusses introduction of colon, need and approaches of colonic drug delivery, factor effecting colonic transition, colonic diseases and the novel and emerging technologies for colon targeting.

Colon targeted drug deliveryFactors affecting colon deliveryNovel approachesDisease of colon-specific drug delivery systems.
313,492 views
94,120 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2020.v10.i2.016

Contributors:

 Ayushi M. Pawar
,
 Swapnil R. Patil
,
 Tushar D. Fegade
Research PaperID: AJPTR102017

Formulation and Evaluation of Enalapril Maleate Mucoadhesive Buccal Film

K.Malleswari, D.Rama Brahma Reddy, Ch.V.Rajasekhar Reddy, D.Anil Reddy, D.Nipson, D.Vidya sagar

Enalapril maleate is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris. It shows low bioavailability due to high hepatic first pass metabolism. Hence the present work was undertaken to formulate mucoadhesive buccal films of enalapril maleate with an objective to improve therapeutic efficacy, patient compliance and the bioavailability. In the present study ten formulations of mucoadhesive drug delivery system of enalapril maleate were prepared as buccal films, by solvent casting technique. Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose,methyl cellulose combination of both were used as mucoadhesive polymers. Prepared films were evaluated for their weight, thickness, surface pH, swelling index, drug content uniformity, in vitro residence .time, folding endurance in vitro release and permeation studies. Films exhibited controlled release over more than 10 h in permeation studies. It was concluded that the films containing 20 mg of enalapril maleate inhydroxy propyl methylcellulose and methyl cellulose 1% w/v , (F9&F10) showed good swelling, a convenient residence time and promising controlled drug release, thus can be selected for the development of buccal film for effective therapeutic uses.

Enalapril maleatebuccal filmmucoadhesive buccal filminvivo studies.
313,770 views
94,214 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2020.v10.i2.017

Contributors:

 K.Malleswari
,
 D.Rama Brahma Reddy
,
 Ch.V.Rajasekhar Reddy
,
 D.Anil Reddy
,
 D.Nipson
,
 D.Vidya sagar
Research PaperID: AJPTR102018

A Review on: Floating Microsphere

Vishakha R Janjale, Swapnil R. Patil, Tushar D. Fegade

Microspheres are free flowing particles ranging from 1-1000u. Microspheres are having wide applications in drug delivery system. They are mainly used for targeted drug delivery of anti-cancer agents, ophthalmic agent and can be used for diagnosis purpose. In this article detail discussion was made on the polymers, preparation methods and applications of microspheres in pharmaceutical dosage form development. General methods of preparation are emulsion techniques, phase separation coacervation techniques, spray drying and spray congealing and solvent extraction, in-situ polymerization etc.  Advantages of microspheres use are targeted drug delivery, optimal therapeutic effects and minimum side effects. Recent trends are floating microspheres, radio immobilization using microspheres. Gastro-retentive floating microspheres are low-density systems that have sufficient buoyancy to float over gastric contents and remain in stomach for prolonged period. The drug is released slowly at desired rate resulting in increased gastric retention with reduced fluctuations in plasma drug concentration.

MicrospheresCharacterizationMechanism of releaseEvaluationChallenges Drug DeliveryFloating drug delivery systems+2 more
314,006 views
94,158 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2020.v10.i2.018

Contributors:

 Vishakha R Janjale
,
 Swapnil R. Patil
,
 Tushar D. Fegade
Research PaperID: AJPTR102019

Proniosomes: A Novel Vesicular Drug Delivery System

Shashikant Sudarshan Upadhye, Inamdar Nasruddin Rafik

The Improvement in the nanotechnology brings revolutionary changes & helps in preparing the novel formulations. The proniosomes are solid colloidal particles which may be hydrated immediately before use to yield the aqueous niosome dispersions similar to those that are produced by more cumbersome conventional methods. These proniosomes minimize the problems of niosome physical stability such as leaking, aggregation & fusion provide additional convenience in dosing, transportation, storage & distribution. The proniosomes overcome the disadvantages involved with liposomal & niosomal drug delivery systems. This review focuses on different aspects of proniosome such as components , types, preparation, evaluation & applications.

ProniosomesNiosomesEvaluationApplications.
313,891 views
94,152 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2020.v10.i2.019

Contributors:

 Shashikant Sudarshan Upadhye
,
 Inamdar Nasruddin Rafik
Research PaperID: AJPTR102020

Mucoadhesive Buccal Drug Delivery System: A Review

Ashish B. Budhrani, Ajay K. Shadija

Current innovation in pharmaceuticals determine the merits of mucoadhesive drug delivery system is particularly relevant than oral control release, for getting local systematic drugs distribution in GIT for a prolong period of time at a predetermined rate. The demerits relative with the oral drug delivery system is the extensive presystemic metabolism, degrade in acidic medium as a result insufficient absorption of the drugs. However parental drug delivery system may beat the downside related with oral drug delivery system but parental drug delivery system has significant expense, least patient compliance and supervision is required. By the buccal drug delivery system the medication are directly pass via into systemic circulation, easy administration without pain, brief enzymatic activity, less hepatic metabolism and excessive bioavailability. This review article is an outline of buccal dosage form, mechanism of mucoadhesion, in-vitro and in-vivo mucoadhesion testing technique.

Buccal drug delivery systemMucoadhesive drug delivery systemMucoadhesionmucoadhesive polymersPermeation enhancersBioadhesive polymers.
314,162 views
94,244 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2020.v10.i2.020

Contributors:

 Ashish B. Budhrani
,
 Ajay K. Shadija
Research PaperID: AJPTR102021

Microspheres: A Novel Drug Delivery System

Patil NV, Wadd NV, Thorat SS, Upadhye Shashikant Sudarshan

The microspheres are also called as micro-particles. To overcome some of the problems of conventional therapy and enhance the therapeutic efficacy of a given drug they are designed. At the target tissue the drug should deliver in an optimal amount in the right period of time with the minimum side effect & maximum therapeutic effect, to get the desired effect. The microspheres received much attention not only for the prolonged release but also for targeting of the anticancer drugs to the tumour. The microsphere are spherical microparticles & are used where predictable & consistent particle surface area is important. . The microspheres has the drug located centrally within the particle where it is encased within the unique polymeric membrane. This review focuses on types, materials used, different methods of preparation, evaluation & applications of microspheres.

MicrospheresTherapeutic effectTargeting.
314,158 views
94,311 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2020.v10.i2.021

Contributors:

 Patil NV
,
 Wadd NV
,
 Thorat SS
,
 Upadhye Shashikant Sudarshan
Research PaperID: AJPTR102022

Antioxidant Activity of Some Indian Medicinal Plants

Anup S. Balte, Praveen Kumar Goyal, K. M. Sharma, R. R. Aggarwal

Methanolic extracts of 4 Indian medicinal plants, traditionally used in different ailments, were evaluated for antioxidant activity using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) radical scavenging assay. Among the extracts, C. lanceolatus significantly decreased the absorption at 10 µg/ml indicating that it is effective even at a very low concentration.

Antioxidant activityMedicinal plantsIndianDPPH free radical.
314,413 views
94,310 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2020.v10.i2.022

Contributors:

 Anup S. Balte
,
 Praveen Kumar Goyal
,
 K. M. Sharma
,
 R. R. Aggarwal
Research PaperID: AJPTR102023

Role Of Mammosonography In Evaluation Of Palpable Breast Lumps

Saumil Desai, Shivaraj ML

As malignant breast mass is common diagnostic problem in clinical practice, detection of breast cancer in its earliest possible stage can be done by Mammography and USG. Mammography is considered gold standard to evaluate clinically suspected breast masses and screening for breast cancer and USG is useful adjunctive modality and helps characterizing mammographically detected palpable masses, especially in patients with dense breasts (young women) and as second look procedure where an abnormality has been identified using MRI or scintimammography. To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of Mammography and USG for detection of benign/ malignant lesions. 50 patients were selected for the study for which they underwent Mammography and USG examination after explaining the entire procedure and the risks involved.In our study of 50 patients, palpable breast lumps were found to be present in 30-39 years age group (23) followed by 40-49 years age group (18). Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of only mammographic evaluation of malignant breast lumps is 60%, 84.4% and 82% respectively and of only USG evaluation of breast lumps is 80%, 88.9% and 88%. While sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of combined mammographic and USG evaluation of malignant breast lumps is 100%, 91% and 92% respectively. The role of mammography in patients with palpable breast lumps is to show a benign cause for palpable abnormality and to avoid further intervention and of USG as a useful adjunctive modality which helps to characterize a mammographically detected palpable abnormality. The sensitivity and specificity of detection of carcinoma would be increased if both mammography and sonography are combined which will lead to fewer unnecessary biopsies.

Palpable breast lumpsBreast cancersMammographyUSG
314,582 views
94,390 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2020.v10.i2.023

Contributors:

 Saumil Desai
,
 Shivaraj ML
Research PaperID: AJPTR102024

Management of Gout through Unani medicine

Md. Kalam Ansari, Md Razi Ahmad, Md Najibur Rahman, Md Tanwir Alam

The Unani medicines have proven its own importance regarding its affectivity, cost and minimal side effects for many illnesses. The general treatment of Gout in Unani system of medicine (USM) comprises of moderating the alter humours (akhlat), excretion of excessive & altered humours, correction of digestion & regulation of metabolism and subside the local inflammation. For this purpose, the medicines having properties like, demulcent (mulattif), concoctive (munzij), diuretic (mudir-e-boul), digestive tonic (muqawwi-e-meda) and anti-inflammatory (muhallil-e-auram) are used. There are so many drugs to treat Gout without causing any side effect but most of these drugs have not been studied on modern scientific parameters, so keeping the fact in mind the formulation comprises of drugs Chobchini (Smilax china), Surinjan Shirin  (Colchicum latium), Sibr (Aloe barbadenesis) has been tested for gout treatment. It is an open clinical trial; conducted on 60 patients for duration of 60 days. Findings were recorded on a specially designed chart and inference was made by appropriate statistical analysis (Paired ‘t’ test). This result suggesting the effect of test drug is very effective in lowering the serum uric acid. Findings of trial were recorded on a specially designed chart and inference was made by appropriate statistical analysis.

GoutmuhallilMudirNiqrisArthritisMizaj.
314,738 views
94,393 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2020.v10.i2.024

Contributors:

 Md. Kalam Ansari
,
 Md Razi Ahmad
,
 Md Najibur Rahman
,
 Md Tanwir Alam
Research PaperID: AJPTR102025

A Study of Anemia Prevalence among Adolescent Female Students of Azam Campus, Pune

Talat Nahid Ramzan Ali, S.T.A. Bilgrami, D Md Razi Ahmad, Md Najibur Rahman, Md Tanwir Alam

Anaemia is major public health problem in female about 25-50% girls become anaemic by the time they reach the age of menarche. During adolescence period need for iron is increased and also there is further increase due to regular menstrual loss. In developing countries, the high iron demands are not met, mainly because of the poor diet of low iron bioavailability & frequent parasitic infection, thus leading to higher incidence of anaemia in women & girls. Thus, an adolescent who conceives soon after menarche is likely to start pregnancy with depleted iron store1. Keeping all these in mind this study was conducted to investigate the haemoglobin level of the female adolescent students studying Azam Campus, Pune, Maharashtra. To investigate the status of anaemia among adolescent female students of Azam Campus, Pune, Maharashtra. Cross sectional prevalence study of sample size 500 was conducted among students from the primary secondary, higher secondary and junior college and U.G classes of Azam Campus, Pune. The study was designed on two parameters the first one was questionnaire-based scale (subjective parameter) and second was evaluation of haemoglobin percentage through Sahli’s method as an objective scale.2 Prevalence of anemia was found to be 91.8%.

AnaemiaAdolescentHaemoglobinSu-ul-qinyaUnani Medicine.
314,988 views
94,524 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2020.v10.i2.025

Contributors:

 Talat Nahid Ramzan Ali
,
 S.T.A. Bilgrami
,
 D Md Razi Ahmad
,
 Md Najibur Rahman
,
 Md Tanwir Alam
Research PaperID: AJPTR102026

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Hand wash Gel from Hyptis suaveolens Flowering-tops

Pritam V. Chindarkar

The main objective of this present work is to formulate and evaluate herbal hand wash in order to make a formulation that has less side effects and has better cleaning of hands using the ethanol extract of the flowering-tops (flower, including the stems, leaves and blooms) of plant Hyptis suaveolens. The prepared formulation was evaluated by different parameters like organoleptic properties, physico-chemical parameters along with the antibacterial test. The formulated hand watch was found to be good in physical parameters with good cleaning of hands.

Hyptis suaveolensEthanolflowering-topsorganolepticAntibacterial.
314,812 views
94,579 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2020.v10.i2.026

Contributors:

 Pritam V. Chindarkar

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