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📢 Latest Update: New special issue call for papers on "Emerging Technologies in Research" - Submit by March 31, 2025

📢 Latest Update: New special issue call for papers on "Emerging Technologies in Research" - Submit by March 31, 2025

December 2018 Issue 6

Volume 8, Issue 6 - $2018

Volume 8 Issue 6 Cover

Issue Details:

Volume 8 Issue 6
Published:Invalid Date

Editorial: December 2018 Issue 6

Welcome to the 2018 issue of American Journal of PharmTech Research. This issue showcases the remarkable breadth and depth of contemporary research across multiple disciplines. From cutting-edge applications of machine learning in climate science to the revolutionary potential of quantum computing in drug discovery, our featured articles demonstrate the power of interdisciplinary collaboration in addressing global challenges.

We are particularly excited to present research that bridges traditional academic boundaries, reflecting our journal's commitment to fostering innovation through cross-disciplinary dialogue. The integration of artificial intelligence with environmental science, the application of blockchain technology to supply chain management, and the convergence of urban planning with smart city technologies exemplify the transformative potential of collaborative research.

As we continue to navigate an era of rapid technological advancement and global challenges, the research presented in this issue offers both insights and solutions that will shape our future. We thank our authors, reviewers, and editorial board members for their continued dedication to advancing knowledge and promoting scientific excellence.

Dr Hemangi J Patel
Editor-in-Chief
American Journal of PharmTech Research

Articles in This Issue

Showing 23 of 23 articles
Research PaperID: AJPTR86001

A Review on Nanotechnology in Diagnosis and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease

Venkateswara Rao. S, Sravya. K, Padmalatha. K

Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive mental deterioration that can occur in middle or old age, due to generalized degeneration of the brain. It is the commonest cause of dementia. The currently available therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease only act to lower its symptoms. Therefore, the nanotechnology is advancing molecular detection, drug discovery, delivery and monitoring for a number of ever challenging human diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. In this paper, we present the role of nanotechnology in the development and improvement of techniques for early diagnosis and effective treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The nano diagnostic methods reported and compared in this paper include both of in vitro and in vivo approaches. The nano treatment methods for AD are numerous. They are categorized in this report under neuroprotective methods and nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery. Considering that the AD is a multi-factorial disease with several pathogenetic mechanisms and pathways, a multifunctional nanotechnology approach will be needed to target its main molecular culprits.

Alzheimer's diseaseNanotechnologyIn vitro and In vivo approaches
289,179 views
86,737 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2018.v8.i6.001

Contributors:

 Venkateswara Rao. S
,
 Sravya. K
,
 Padmalatha. K
Research PaperID: AJPTR86002

Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery System: A Review

D.D. Chechare, M. Siddaiah

Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems interact with the mucus layer covering the mucosal epithelial surface, and mucin molecules and increase the residence time of the dosage form at the site of absorption. The drugs which have local action or those which have maximum absorption in gastrointestinal tract (GIT) require increased duration of stay in GIT. Thus, mucoadhesive dosage forms are advantageous in increasing the drug plasma concentrations and also therapeutic activity. In this regard, this review covers the areas of mechanisms, polymers used in mucoadhesion, factors influencing the mucoadhesive and also various mucoadhesive dosage forms. Keywords: Mucoadhesion, theories, mucoadhesive dosage forms.  

Mucoadhesiontheoriesmucoadhesive dosage forms.
289,204 views
86,801 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2018.v8.i6.002

Contributors:

 D.D. Chechare
,
 M. Siddaiah
Research PaperID: AJPTR86003

A Review on Drug Utilization Trends in Coronary Artery Diseases

Neenu Babu, Shamna c, Sreelekshmi vs, Philip John Sebastian, Nithin Manohar R, William Arputha Sundar AS, John Wesly I

Coronary artery disease is a condition in which there is an inadequate supply of blood and oxygen to a portion of the myocardium. It is the major cause responsible for mortality more in younger age group than in elderly. Since it is an emergency condition where usage of many drugs during its management is common. The study of drug utilization is a component of a medical audit and periodic evaluation should be done to enable suitable modifications in the prescription of drugs and maximize the therapeutic benefit and minimize the adverse effects. When new drugs are used additional information on safety and efficacy may be generated. In this review most of the prescription contain anti-platelet drugs, ACE inhibitors/ ARBs, Statins, Beta-blockers, Nitrates, Calcium channel blockers and Diuretics. Keywords: Drug Utilization, Coronary Artery Diseases, Anti- Platelet Drugs  

Drug UtilizationCoronary Artery DiseasesAnti- Platelet Drugs
289,172 views
86,789 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2018.v8.i6.003

Contributors:

 Neenu Babu
,
 Shamna c
,
 Sreelekshmi vs
,
 Philip John Sebastian
,
 Nithin Manohar R
,
 William Arputha Sundar AS
,
 John Wesly I
Research PaperID: AJPTR86004

Aquasomes: A Nanoparticulate Drug Carrier System

Venkateswara Rao. S, Jagadeeswari. N, Padmalatha. K

Nanotechnology has emerged fields of biomedical research in the last few decades the presents context is an attempt to present the brief information about nanobiotechnological applications. Aquasomes are one of the most recently developed delivery system for bioactive molecules like peptide, protein, hormones, antigens and genes to specific sites. Aquasomes are spherical in shape with 60–300 nm particles size. Aquasomes are nanoparticulate carrier system but instead of being simple nanoparticles these are three layered self assembled structures, comprised of a solid core coated with oligomeric film to which biochemically active molecules are adsorbed with or without modification. These structures are self assembled by non covalent and ionic bonds. The solid core provides the structural stability, while the carbohydrate coating protects against dehydration and stabilizes the biochemically active molecules. This article reviews the principles of self assembly, strategies used in chemical synthesis, methods of preparation, characterization and application of Aquasomes. Keywords: Aquasomes, Nanoparticulate Carrier System, Oligomers and Self assembly  

AquasomesNanoparticulate Carrier SystemOligomers and Self assembly
289,083 views
86,796 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2018.v8.i6.004

Contributors:

 Venkateswara Rao. S
,
 Jagadeeswari. N
,
 Padmalatha. K
Research PaperID: AJPTR86005

A Systematic Review on Risk Factors Based on Gender and Management of Coronary Heart Disease

Philip John Sebastian, Sreelekshmi Vs, Shamna c, Neenu Babu, Nithin Manohar R, William Arputha Sundar A S, John Wesly I

Over the past years it has been recognized that women are more susceptible to coronary heart disease than men and it should be acknowledged in the management and assessment of coronary heart disease. Then there is a remarkable progress in the knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors related to gender. Triglycerides, high density lipoproteins levels, diabetes have been found to have greater Influence on coronary heart disease in women than men. But certain evidence showing that lipoprotein is a stronger cardiovascular risk factor in men compared to women. Risk factor control in patient with CHD remains poor, especially for obesity, smoking, and blood pressure in spite of guidelines. Patient should initiate or maintain lifestyle modification- weight control, increased physical activity, moderation of alcohol intake, limited sodium consumption, maintenance of a diet high in fresh fruits, low fat dairy products etc. Long acting drugs also minimize blood pressure variability and this may offer protection against progression of target organ damage and cardiovascular events. This review article addresses the impact of cardiovascular risk factors on both men and women and management of coronary heart disease.

DiabetesHDL and Triglycerides
289,260 views
86,950 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2018.v8.i6.005

Contributors:

 Philip John Sebastian
,
 Sreelekshmi Vs
,
 Shamna c
,
 Neenu Babu
,
 Nithin Manohar R
,
 William Arputha Sundar A S
,
 John Wesly I
Research PaperID: AJPTR86006

Floppy Valve Syndrome

L. Siddhartha, Sushma vuppala, Shravani Etrouth, Veda Sai Sri Gopalam

Mitral valve prolapse is a valvular heart disease which results from the systolic movement of abnormally thickened mitral valve leaflets into left atrium during left ventricular systole. MVP refers to expansion of area of mitral valve leaflets with elongated chordae tendineae or rupture of chordae and mitral annular dilation. Rupture of chordae may be associated with heritable syndromes of connective tissue disorders. It usually inherited either through the autosomal dominant gene or chromosome X, which is less common compared to the former. MVP may lead to either progressive MVR or stimulate autonomic nervous system or neurohumoral activation. The former is termed as MVP and later is termed as “Floppy valve syndrome”. Symptoms of FVS include palpitations, dyspnea, chest pain, and neuropsychiatry symptom. Complications of FMV include infective endocarditis, Thromboembolic complications, systolic arterial hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias or cardiac death. Initially pharmacological agents are used as first line therapy. When severe mitral regurgitation is present in asymptomatic patient with FMV/MVP surgical intervention such as valve repair or valve replacement is recommended.

Mitral valveFMV.
289,381 views
86,926 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2018.v8.i6.006

Contributors:

 L. Siddhartha
,
 Sushma vuppala
,
 Shravani Etrouth
,
 Veda Sai Sri Gopalam
Research PaperID: AJPTR86007

Development and Validation of Stability Indicating RP-UPLC Method for Quantitative Estimation of Lamivudine in Tablet Dosage Form

T. Benjamin, D. Ramachandran

A new, simple, rapid, selective, precise and accurate isocratic reverse phase ultra performance liquid Chromatography assay method has been developed for estimation of Lamivudine in tablet formulations. The separation was achieved by using column Acquity UPLC BEH Phenyl (100×2.1mm, 1.7µm), in mobile phase consisted of pH 3.8 ammonium acetate buffer and methanol. The flow rate was 0.5mL.min-1 and the separated Lamivudine was detected using UV detector at the wavelength of 277 nm. The retention time of Lamivudine was noted to be 2.50 min respectively, indicative of rather shorter analysis time. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines. The proposed method was found to be accurate, reproducible, and consistent.

Liquid chromatographyLamivudineValidation and Reproducible.
289,862 views
86,841 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2018.v8.i6.007

Contributors:

 T. Benjamin
,
 D. Ramachandran
Research PaperID: AJPTR86008

Synthesis of Some New 1, 2, 4 – Triazolo [3, 4-B] [1, 3, 4] Thiadiazole Derivatives As Possible Antitubercular Agents

P. Devi, P. Lekha, R. Vijayaraj, V. Sekar, R. Sambathkumar

In attempt to make significant pharmacologically active molecule, we report here the synthesis and in vitro antimicrobial activity of various series of 3 – (4 – fluorophenyl) - 6 – substituted phenyl [1, 2, 4] triazolo [3, 4 – b] [1, 3, 4] thiadiazole derivatives was prepared by the reaction of carbon di sulfide, hydrazine hydrate. The compounds have been prepared by using P-toluene sulphonic acid, dimethyl formamide, 4-fluoro benzaldehyde, substituted benzaldehyde under conventional and microwave method. The products were found to be solid. The six compounds are characterized by analytical UV, IR, Mass, NMR. The compounds were screened for antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis species by using alamar blue assay method.

Carbon disulfidehydrazine hydratemicrowave ovenanti tubercular activity
289,947 views
86,977 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2018.v8.i6.008

Contributors:

 P. Devi
,
 P. Lekha
,
 R. Vijayaraj
,
 V. Sekar
,
 R. Sambathkumar
Research PaperID: AJPTR86009

Phytochemical Screening of Folklore Medicine for Controlling Diabetes

N.Upender, N. Lakshmi Bhavani

The present work deals with the use of folklore medicine by tribal and non-tribal communities of Nalgonda district, Telangana state, India for controlling diabetes, a chronic disease. Here it is focused on the use of plant species as folklore medicine to cure diabetes by the ethnic groups. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was carried out with different extracts like distill water, petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol of folk medicine samples and their constituent plant parts from Nalgonda district. The folk medicine and the individual plant parts present in the sample showed the presence of similar kind of phytochemicals with various screening tests for the control of diabetes.

FolklorePlant extractDiabetesPhytochemicalsDiabetes.
289,811 views
87,033 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2018.v8.i6.009

Contributors:

 N.Upender
,
 N. Lakshmi Bhavani
Research PaperID: AJPTR86010

In Vitro – In Vivo Evaluation of Floating Tablet Containing Anti Retroviral Agent Lamivudine

R. Shireesh Kiran, B. Chandra Shekar, B. Nagendra Babu

This study aimed to develop hydrophilic matrix based controlled release  gastroretentive drug delivery system of Lamivudine floating matrix tablets, which after oral administration are designed to prolong the gastric residence time, increase the drug bioavailability and diminish the side effects of irritating drugs. FTIR studies revealed that there is no interaction between the drug and polymers used for the formulation. Among all the formulations F21 containing HPMC K100M, Carbopol 934P, Polyox WSR 303 and sodium bicarbonate, as gas generating agent was selected as optimized formulation based on physico chemical properties, floating lag time (34 sec) and total floating time (>24 h). From in vitro dissolution studies, the optimized formulation F21 showed drug release of 99.36±5.36%, whereas 92.36±5.02% of the drug was released from the marketed product within 24h. From in vivo bioavailability studies, after oral administration of floating tablet containing 100 mg Lamivudine, the Cmax, Tmax, and AUC0–∞ of optimized gastroretentive formulation were found to be 32.11±3.16 µg/mL, 8.00±1.26 h and 225±28.14 µg*h/ml, respectively. Cmax and AUC values of optimized formulation were found to be significantly higher than of marketed product, where longer gastric residence time is an important condition for prolonged or controlled drug release and also for improved bioavailability. Hence, gastro retention can be a promising approach to enhance bioavaiilability of Lamivudine with narrow absorption window in upper GIT.

LamivudineAIDSHPMCFloating lag timePharmacokinetics
290,030 views
87,076 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2018.v8.i6.010

Contributors:

 R. Shireesh Kiran
,
 B. Chandra Shekar
,
 B. Nagendra Babu
Research PaperID: AJPTR86011

Development and Validation of UV Spectroscopic Method for Estimation of Ranolazine in Tablet Dosage Form

Patil Shubham P, Sonar Pratik A, Sanap Ganesh M, Patil Dnyaneshwar S, Kalpesh V. Sonar, Tushar a. Deshmukh

To develop and validate simple, rapid, linear, accurate, precise and economical UV Spectroscopic method for estimation of Ranolazine in tablet dosage form. The drug is freely soluble in analytical grade methanol. The drug was identified in terms of solubility studies and on the basis of melting point which was done on melting point apparatus of Equiptronics. Ranolazine showed absorption maxima were determined in analytical grade methanol. The drug obeyed the Beer’s law and showed good correlation of concentration with absorption which reflect in linearity. The UV spectroscopic method was developed for estimation of Ranolazine in tablet dosage form and also validated as per ICH guidelines. The drug is freely soluble in analytical grade methanol, slightly soluble acetonitrile and very slightly soluble in analytical grade water. So, the analytical grade methanol is used as a diluent in method. The melting point of Ranolazine was found to be 120-122ËšC (uncorrected). It showed absorption maxima 235 nm in analytical grade methanol. On the basis of absorption spectrum the working concentration was set on 8 µg/ml (PPM). The linearity was observed between 2-12 μg/ml (PPM). The results of analysis were validated by recovery studies. The recovery was found to be 98.75, 101 and 98.33% for three levels respectively. The % RSD for precision was found to be 0.6353% which was within acceptance criteria as per ICH guidelines. A simple, rapid, linear, accurate, precise and economical UV Spectroscopic method has been developed for estimation of Ranolazine in tablet dosage form. The method could be considered for the determination of Ranolazine in tablet dosage form in quality control laboratories.

RanolazineUV SpectrophotometerMelting PointAssay MethodValidationAccuracy+3 more
290,212 views
87,013 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2018.v8.i6.011

Contributors:

 Patil Shubham P
,
 Sonar Pratik A
,
 Sanap Ganesh M
,
 Patil Dnyaneshwar S
,
 Kalpesh V. Sonar
,
 Tushar a. Deshmukh
Research PaperID: AJPTR86012

Development and Evaluation of Surgical Sutures from Agave americana Linn. Var. Americana.

Sohani B. Solanke, Santosh S. Bhujbal, Mukund G. Tawar

Natural materials used to close wounds include flax, hair, grass, cotton, silk, pig bristles, and animal gut. Agaves were the source of many essential items due to its high tensile strength. Agave fibers were investigated for it’s potential use to close the topical incisions in rat. Sutures were developed i.e. Agave suture from the isolated fibers of Agave americana L. var. americana (Agavaceae) plant and were coated with the ethanolic extract of Aloe vera. These were evaluated for Physical properties which proved good tensile strength, handling properties, low tissue drag, acceptable knot security, low microbial infiltration, toxicity and faster incision wound healing in rats compared to commonly utilized surgical sutures from market. Wound healing was evaluated by observing pus formation, inflammation, incision wound closure period, tensile strength measurement and histo-pathological evaluation of healed wound tissue. All the mentioned tensile strength tests were performed by a tensile strength testing apparatus, especially designed and constructed for our purpose. According to findings Agave suture shown acceptable results and hence for can be considered for further research and utilization.

Surgical sutureAgave americana L.Aloe vera L.incision wound healing.
290,118 views
87,088 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2018.v8.i6.012

Contributors:

 Sohani B. Solanke
,
 Santosh S. Bhujbal
,
 Mukund G. Tawar
Research PaperID: AJPTR86013

RP-HPLC Method Development and Validation of Regorafenib in Pure Form and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form

Kausik Bhar, Padilam Suresh

A new, simple, accurate, precise and robust isocratic RP-HPLC method has been developed and subsequently validated for the determination of Regorafenib in pure form and pharmaceutical dosage forms as per ICH guidelines. The separation achieved on a Symmetry C18 Column, 250 mm x 4.6 mm i.d. and 5µm particle size column as a stationary phase and Methanol: Phosphate buffer (pH adjusted to 4.80 with phosphoric acid) in the ratio of 70:30v/v used as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The UV detection was performed at 268nm. The retention time for Regorafenib was found to be 3.544minutes. The detector response was linear in the concentration range of 0-16µg/ml. The respective linear regression equation being Y= 58945.x + 9634 with R2 = 0.999. The percentage of Regorafenib in pharmaceutical dosage form was found to be within the limits. The limit of detection and the limit of quantification were found to be 0.90µg/ml and 2.90µg/ml respectively. The results of the study showed that, the proposed RP-HPLC method was simple, rapid, precise, accurate and stability indicating, which can be used for the routine determination of Regorafenib in pure form and pharmaceutical dosage forms.

RegorafenibRP-HPLCMethod DevelopmentValidationPrecisionAccuracy+1 more
290,447 views
87,093 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2018.v8.i6.013

Contributors:

 Kausik Bhar
,
 Padilam Suresh
Research PaperID: AJPTR86014

In Vivo Evaluation of A Self Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System for Lercanidipine HCL

J. Venkateswara Rao, T Rama Mohan Reddy

The present study aimed at improvement of solubility and bioavailability of Lercanidipine HCl using self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS). The extent of self-emulsification was checked with various oils with suitable surfactants and co-surfactants. The final optimized formulation contained Caproyl 90, Tween 80 and Labrosol as oil, surfactant and co-surfactant respectively. Based on Lercanidipine solubility analysis, ternary phase diagrams were constructed for optimizing the system. The formulations were evaluated for solubility, droplet size determination, zeta potential and stability studies. The droplet size was found to be 5.1 nm & Z-Average of 14.6 nm. The zeta potential of the optimized formulation (F16) was found to be -19.7 mV. In vitro drug release from SNEDDS was significantly higher than pure drug. From in vivo bioavailability studies the optimized formulation was exhibited a significantly greater Cmax (56.2±0.04ng/ml) than the pure drug suspension (35.1±0.03ng/ml). AUC0-∞ for SNEDDS formulation was higher (190.5±2.04 ng.h/ml) than the pure drug suspension 145.7±2.02ng.h/ml. Statistically, AUC0-t of the SNEDDS formulation was significantly higher (p<0.05) as compared to pure drug suspension formulation. The study demonstrated that SNEDDS was a promising strategy to enhance the solubility and oral bioavailability of Lercanidipine.

LercanidipineHypertensionLabrosolBioavailabilitySelf-nano emulsifying drug delivery system
290,481 views
87,165 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2018.v8.i6.014

Contributors:

 J. Venkateswara Rao
,
 T Rama Mohan Reddy
Research PaperID: AJPTR86015

Synthesis and Evaluation of 4-(2-Chloroquinolin-3-Yl)-6-(6-Methyl-1h-Benzimidazol-2-Yl)Pyrimidin-2-Amines as Potent Anthelmintic Agents

B. Shivakumar, Indira. M. Madawali, Shivakumar Hugar and Navanath. V. Kalyane

A new series of 4-(2-chloroquinolin-3-yl)-6-(6-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine (Va-k) have been synthesized by the reaction of 3-(2-chloroquinolin-3-yl)-1-(6-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (IVa-k) with guanidine nitrate in ethanol and aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. The synthesized compounds were characterized by their IR, 1H NMR and Mass spectral studies. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for anthelmintic activity by in-vitro method, against south Indian adult earth worms Pheretima posthuma using Albendazole as a standard drug. Results of the activities reveal that, compounds exhibited moderate to good anthelmintic activity.

6-MethylbenzimidazolesChalconesPyrimidinesAlbendazoleAnthelmintic activity.
290,470 views
87,127 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2018.v8.i6.015

Contributors:

 B. Shivakumar
,
 Indira. M. Madawali
,
 Shivakumar Hugar and Navanath. V. Kalyane
Research PaperID: AJPTR86016

A Pharmacognostic and Phytopharmacological Overview on Bombax Ceiba.

Pankaj H. Chaudhary1* Mukund G. Tawar

Plants have been an important source of medicines since the beginning of cultivation. There is a growing demand for plant-based medicines, health products, pharmaceuticals, food supplements, cosmetics etc. Bombax ceiba Linn. (Bombacaceae) is a tall tree buttressed at the base that is widely distributed throughout India, Ceylon and Malaya, upto 1500 m of altitude. Many parts of the plant (root, stem bark, gum, leaf, prickles, flower, fruit, seed and heartwood) are used by various tribal communities and forest dwellers for the treatment of a variety of ailments. The plant literature survey shows the plant possesses astringent, cooling, stimulant, diuretic, aphrodisiac, demulcent and tonic effects and also helps in dysentery. It also possesses important pharmacological activity such as aphrodisiac, anti-inflammatory and hepato protective activity in addition to anticancer and anti-HIV activity, anti-Helicobacter pylori, antiangiogenic, analgesic and antioxidant activity and hypotensive, hypoglycemic and antimicrobial activity. It is reported to contain important phytoconstituents such as naphthol, naphthoquinones, polysaccharides, anthocyanins, shamimin and lupeol.

Bombax ceibaethnobotanical usesphytochemistrypharmacological activities.
290,919 views
87,230 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2018.v8.i6.016

Contributors:

 Pankaj H. Chaudhary1* Mukund G. Tawar
Research PaperID: AJPTR86017

Tigecycline : First Member of the Novel Glycylcycline Class of Extended-Spectrum Antibiotics

Arathi S Nair, Bushra Abdul Rahim, Aleena Francis, Limi Joseph Gomez, Soumya R. V, A. S William Arputha Sundar1 I John Wesly

Tigecycline is the first member of a synthetic analogue of tetracycline, known as a glycylcyline. Like other tetracyclines, tigecycline is a broad spectrum bacteriostatic agent. It inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomes. Tigecycline has activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It also has activity against many multidrug resistant organisms including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pencillin-resistant Step to coccus pneumonia (PRSP) Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus species (VRE) and extended- spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiellapneumoniae. Tigecycline was approved for use in the United States in 2005.It is currently indicated inpatients 18 year of age and older for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections and intra-abdominal infections due to sensitive organisms. Tigecycline is available in vials of 50 mg for parenteral use under the brand name Tygacil. The recommended dose is 100 mg intravenously initially, followed by 50 mg every 12 hours for 5 to 14 days depending on the severity and site of the infection. The Food and Drug Administration had issued a black box warning due increased risk for death in patients who received tigecycline with certain severe infections. The increased mortality rate is associated with patient who treated for hospital-acquired pneumonia, particularly ventilator-associated pneumonia. The cause of excess deaths is uncertain, but it is likely that most deaths related to the progression of the infection. A reduced dosage is recommended for patients with severe underlying liver disease.

TigecyclineBroad spectrum antibioticmulti-resistant pathogensBlack box warning
290,893 views
87,251 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2018.v8.i6.017

Contributors:

 Arathi S Nair
,
 Bushra Abdul Rahim
,
 Aleena Francis
,
 Limi Joseph Gomez
,
 Soumya R. V
,
 A. S William Arputha Sundar1 I John Wesly
Research PaperID: AJPTR86018

Rapid Determination of Metoclopramide Level in Human Plasma by LC-MS/MS Assay

Rajaa F Hussein, Syed N Alvi, and Muhammad M Hammami

A rapid liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay for the measurement of metoclopramide level in human plasma was developed and validated. One ml plasma samples containing metoclopramide and 0.25 µg of loratadine as internal standard (IS) were extracted with 5 ml tert-butyl methyl ether and reconstituted in 80 µl of acetonitrile. Analysis was performed on reversed phase Atlantis dC18 column using a mobile phase of 0.4% formic acid (pH=3.0 ± 0.05) and acetonitrile (20:80, v:v) delivered at a flow rate of 0.25 ml/minute. Analytes were quantified multiple reaction monitoring in positive ion mode with transition mass to charge ratio (m/z) of 299.8→226.9 and 383.4→337.2 for metoclopramide and IS, respectively. Retention times of metoclopramide and IS were around 1.4 and 2.1 minutes, respectively. No significant matrix effect was observed on metoclopramide and IS peaks. Detection limit of metoclopramide in plasma was 0.3 ng/ml. Relationship between metoclopramide level and peak area ratio of metoclopramide / IS was linear (R2 ³ 0.9964) in the range of 0.5–100 ng/ml and inter-day coefficient of variations (CV) and absolute bias were ≤ 12.0% and ≤ 6.0%, respectively. Mean extraction recoveries for metoclopramide and the IS were 91% and 88%, respectively. The method was applied to assess stability of metoclopramide under various conditions generally encountered in the clinical laboratory. Stability of metoclopramide was ≥ 94% and ≥ 95% after 24 hours at room temperature or 48 hours at -20 ºC, respectively, in processed samples and 100% and ≥ 99% after 24 hours at room temperature or 12 weeks at -20 ºC, respectively, in unprocessed samples.

MetoclopramideLoratadineHuman plasmaHPLC
291,259 views
87,410 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2018.v8.i6.018

Contributors:

 Rajaa F Hussein
,
 Syed N Alvi
,
 and Muhammad M Hammami
Research PaperID: AJPTR86019

Physiochemical Quality of the Water Sources in Shendi Locality, River Nile state Sudan

Eltigani OM Omer, Kawther Iesa Ahmed Elhag, Mohammed Elfatah, Arafat Goja

This observational, cross-sectional research was designed as community based cross-sectional study in the locality of Shendi, to assess the quality of drinking water and its health risk and impact and consequences to consumers. The study involved all the towns and the villages, the population, and their drinking water sources. System of proportional stratified sampling allocation was followed to select the sample from the water source and the community. Interview, Sanitary and medical surveys and Experimental field and laboratory works for chemical analysis of drinking water sources, was followed for data collection. A highly significant difference was found between the mean levels of turbidity and other physical and chemical parameters. The mean concentration of chloride as cl mg/l was found to be highly associated with ground sources. The electrical properties observable in deep groundwater can be related to the concentration of  ions and mineral salts as shown above and carbon dioxide dissolved in it. Both Nitrite as NO2 and Nitrate as NO3 found to be highest in the shallow wells. Highly significant difference of fluoride means was observed among the various types of drinking water sources. Subsurface shallow water, count the highest level of total dissolved solid (TDS) mg/l. The mean level of hardness mg/l was found high in the ground water. It was observed that the people, who were consuming water of high physical and chemical level in Shendi locality, were suffering more than others from infectious and chronic diseases. Based on the results discussion and conclusion of this study the following recommendations are proposed to help in an improvement sources of drinking water management and which likely to involve consumers in preparing and using safe water at the household level, which will facilitate the ultimate goal of providing all of the Shendi's population with community piped water that is accessible, safe and affordable

WaterWater qualityDrinking water
290,993 views
87,447 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2018.v8.i6.019

Contributors:

 Eltigani OM Omer
,
 Kawther Iesa Ahmed Elhag
,
 Mohammed Elfatah
,
 Arafat Goja
Research PaperID: AJPTR86020

In Vitro Evaluation of Anticancer Activity of Sorgamara Ilai Chooranam (Leaves of Simarouba Glauca) Against A549 Cell Line (Human Lung Cancer Cell)

Giftillda Selva Elsee T, Velpandian V, Nalina Sarasawathi K

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, both in women and among men. In India, Several population based cohort studies were conducted which confirm the significant burden of lung cancer in India, contributing significantly toward the cancer morbidity and mortality. In order to get rid of adverse effects from currently available treatment, scientists have focused on the development of safe anti-cancer agents from herbal sources. Sorgamara Ilai chooranam (Simarouba glauca) is one of the herb mentioned in Siddha text with anti-cancer potential. Hence this present study was performed to validate anti-cancer potential of Sorgamara Ilai Chooranam through MTT assay on A549 cell line at various concentrations. Result showed that the exposure of A549 cells to Sorgamara Ilai Chooranam at the various concentrations significantly reduced the cell viability in a concentration dependent manner. As the concentration increases the cell viability% significantly decreases. For Sorgamara Ilai Chooranam from 7.8µg/ml to 62.5 µg/ml concentration the cell viability % significantly decreased from 74.85 to 52.80. In conclusion, the present study shows that Sorgamara Ilai Chooranam obtained from Simarouba glauca exhibited cytotoxic and anti proliferative activities. The anticancer activities could be explained partly by the presence of high content of Quassinoids and phenolic compounds. However, pharmacological and toxicological studies, preclinical and clinical trials are needed to elucidate the utility of Sorgamara Ilai Chooranam in the treatment of lung cancer.

orgamara Ilai ChooranamSimarouba glaucaLung cancerA549 cell lineMTT assay
291,116 views
87,477 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2018.v8.i6.020

Contributors:

 Giftillda Selva Elsee T
,
 Velpandian V
,
 Nalina Sarasawathi K
Research PaperID: AJPTR86021

Radio Protective Activity of the Plant Aquilaria Malaccensis Leaves

Karunakar Hegde, Manisha Mascarenhas J A, Rohan Joseph D Silva

The present study was designed to evaluate the radio protective potency of the ethanolic extract of Aquilaria malaccensis (Agar wood) leaves by assessing the endogenous oxidant level, haematological parameters and the histopathology of liver. Extract was given orally at a dose of 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg orally for 15 days prior to exposure of Gamma radiation (2.5 Gy). The irradiated mice were kept under observation for 15 days for any sign of radiation sickness, morbidity and mortality which showed no changes. The haematological parameters showed a significant decrease in the irradiated mice and increase in the drug treated mice when compared with the control group. Radiation induced mice showed increases in the level of endogenous enzymes, when compared to normal animals. Treatment with extract caused reversal of these changes towards the normal. Histopathological changes in the liver section of treated animals showed improved cellular architecture when compared to the normal group. The present study indicates that supplementation with Aquilaria malaccensis has significant antioxidant activity and act as probable radio protector against gamma radiation induced oxidative damage. The finding of the present study provides the evidence that, alcoholic extract  of Aquilaria malaccensis may be beneficial as a potential supplement in the radiotherapy to protect normal cells from the destructive effects of radiation.

Aquilaria malaccensisGamma-radiationRadioprotection
291,361 views
87,498 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2018.v8.i6.021

Contributors:

 Karunakar Hegde
,
 Manisha Mascarenhas J A
,
 Rohan Joseph D Silva
Research PaperID: AJPTR86022

In Vitro Shoot Multiplication and Plant Regeneration of Physalis peruviana L. An Important Medicinal Plant Harvested at IIIM Jammu (J&K)

Fayaz Ahmad Shah

(Physalis peruviana(L) is a noteworthy helpful plant which has a spot with the family Solanaceae. It is commonly used as individuals prescription and treating for certain afflictions. The powerful in vitro recuperation of Physalis peruviana was practiced from center point, internode and leaf explants on MS medium with B5 supplements and different concentrations and blends of PGRs like BAP,GA3 and 2,4-D.The most noteworthy amounts of various shoots were cultivated from nodal and internodal explantson 3.0 mg/l BAP + 1.5mg/l GA3 + 0.5mg/l 2, 4-D. The high repeat of shoot duplication saw from leaf explants on 2.5 mg/l BAP+1.0mg/l GA3+ 0.5mg/l 2, 4-D.The recouped shoots were moved in to half quality MS medium propped with IBA for root acknowledgment. Built up plantlets were viably acclimatized. The present assessment exhibited powerful in vitro shoot duplication and recuperation limits of Physalis peruviana L.

In vitroBAPGA324 Dmulti-purpose+1 more
291,281 views
87,495 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2018.v8.i6.022

Contributors:

 Fayaz Ahmad Shah
Research PaperID: AJPTR86024

A Review On Medicinal Applications of Achilla Millefolium

Fayaz Ahmad Shah

Customarily, A. millefolium different parts like blooms, leaves and stems are being utilized as calming, antidysenteric, antiallergic, platelet accumulation, antipyretic, hostile to bacterial, antispasmaodic, diuretic, urinary germ-free, antimutagenic and in the treatment of hyperpigmentation of skin. A. millefolium contains dynamic constituents like are luteolin, quercetin, apigenin, artemetin, betonicine, stachydrine, trigonelline, palmitic corrosive linoleic corrosive, aspartic corrosive, glutamic corrosive, camphor, linalool, azulene, chamazulene, sabinene, achillin, 1,8-cineole and numerous others. The present work featured the general restorative capability of the yarrow (A. millefolium) and its preclinical announced exercises in various infection.

A. Millefolliumbloomsleavesremedial potential
291,749 views
87,594 downloads
DOI:
10.46624/ajptr.2018.v8.i6.023

Contributors:

 Fayaz Ahmad Shah

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