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📢 Latest Update: New special issue call for papers on "Emerging Technologies in Research" - Submit by March 31, 2025

📢 Latest Update: New special issue call for papers on "Emerging Technologies in Research" - Submit by March 31, 2025

December 2016 Issue 6

Volume 6, Issue 6 - $2016

Volume 6 Issue 6 Cover

Issue Details:

Volume 6 Issue 6
Published:Invalid Date

Editorial: December 2016 Issue 6

Welcome to the 2016 issue of American Journal of PharmTech Research. This issue showcases the remarkable breadth and depth of contemporary research across multiple disciplines. From cutting-edge applications of machine learning in climate science to the revolutionary potential of quantum computing in drug discovery, our featured articles demonstrate the power of interdisciplinary collaboration in addressing global challenges.

We are particularly excited to present research that bridges traditional academic boundaries, reflecting our journal's commitment to fostering innovation through cross-disciplinary dialogue. The integration of artificial intelligence with environmental science, the application of blockchain technology to supply chain management, and the convergence of urban planning with smart city technologies exemplify the transformative potential of collaborative research.

As we continue to navigate an era of rapid technological advancement and global challenges, the research presented in this issue offers both insights and solutions that will shape our future. We thank our authors, reviewers, and editorial board members for their continued dedication to advancing knowledge and promoting scientific excellence.

Dr Hemangi J Patel
Editor-in-Chief
American Journal of PharmTech Research

Articles in This Issue

Showing 48 of 48 articles
Research PaperID: AJPTR66001

Pulsatile Drug Delivery System: A Review

Upadhye SS, Kothali BK, Apte AK, Patil AA, Danole AB

In the recent years the pulsatile drug release systems are gaining growing interest. The pulsatile drug release where the drug is rapidly released after the well defined lag-time could be advantageous for many drugs or therapies. The sustained & controlled release devices are not applicable in some of the cases like the time-programmed administration of the hormones & many drugs. The living systems are the predictable dynamic resonating systems which require different amounts of drug at the expected times within the circadian cycle. The pulsatile drug delivery system has fulfilled this requirement. This system is such a system where the drug is released suddenly after the well-defined lag time or the time gap according to the circadian rhythm of the disease states. No drug is released from the device within this lag time. This method is good for the drugs with the extensive first pass metabolism & targeted to the specific site in the intestinal tract. The current article focuses on the necessities of pdds, diseases requiring PDDS, classification of pulsatile drug delivery system, current situation and future scope& marketed technologies of pulsatile drug delivery system.

Pulsatile drug delivery systemlag timefirst pass metabolism.
240,501 views
72,173 downloads

Contributors:

 Upadhye SS
,
 Kothali BK
,
 Apte AK
,
 Patil AA
,
 Danole AB
Research PaperID: AJPTR66002

Lichen Secondary Metabolites and Its Biological Activity

Shantanu Bhattacharyya, Pratibha Rani Deep, Sunita Singh, Binata Nayak

Lichens are organisms which are formed through symbiotic association of fungi and algae or cyanobacteria. Lichen produces a great variety of secondary metabolites with various biological activities including antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumour, antioxidant, antihervivore, insecticidal, allelochemical and allergenic action. These compounds play a major role in providing photoprotection against intense radiation and can be used as an important candidate for antipyretic and analgesic drugs. Lichen metabolites act as major factor in metal homeostasis and pollution tolerance of lichen. This review describes the biological activities of secondary metabolites produced from lichen.

LichenSecondary Metabolitesmedicinal valuedrugantioxidant.
241,090 views
72,195 downloads

Contributors:

 Shantanu Bhattacharyya
,
 Pratibha Rani Deep
,
 Sunita Singh
,
 Binata Nayak
Research PaperID: AJPTR66003

A Review on Time Dependent Pharmacokinetics

N. Jyothi, M.Sudhir, N.Lakshmi Prasanthi

In order to design proper protocol for drug administration is consideration of circadian rhythm in drug pharmacokinetics. Several studies have concluded that all organisms including humans are highly organized by circadian rhythms. These changes in cycles will influence on physiological function thus, can influence on pharmacokinetics phases. Drug pharmacokinetic parameters can be changed according to the time of administration. The main objective of the chronopharmacokinetic study is to control the time of administration which among others can be responsible for variations of drug kinetics but also chronopharmacological effects observed with certain drugs. This article gives brief information regarding the changes of pharmacokinetics of the drug due to circadian rhythms.

Chronopharmacokineticscircadian rhythmsabsorptiondistributionmetabolismelimination+1 more
240,818 views
72,296 downloads

Contributors:

 N. Jyothi
,
 M.Sudhir
,
 N.Lakshmi Prasanthi
Research PaperID: AJPTR66004

Biological Activity Profile of Thiazolidinone Scaffolds Linked to Bioactive Thiazoles: A Review

Aman Bhalla, Shiwani Berry, Shamsher S. Bari

Thiazolidinones have been explored in both academia and pharmaceutical industry for their wide spectrum of biological applications which include activity against streptomyces species, anti-convulsant, hypoglycemic, antihypertensive agents and therefore, they are useful molecules for drug research and organic chemistry. Thiazolidinone derivatives containing thiazole ring system are also found to possess pharmacological activities such as anticancer, antimalarial, tuberculostatic, anticonvulsant, anti-HIV activity and CNS stimulants. Extensive research in the synthesis and biological evaluation of thiazolidinone substituted heterocycles is well documented and hence, attracted the interest of organic chemist. Therefore, the objective of this review to highlight the biological properties of thiazolidinone derivatives bearing thiazole ring system. The introductory paragraph highlights the significance of the thiazolidinone moiety and is followed by an overview of thiazole heterocycle. In the next section pharmacological properties of thiazolidinone linked thiazole derivatives has been described Key words: 4-Thiazolidinone, Thiazole, Heterocycles, Biological Activity 

4-ThiazolidinoneThiazoleHeterocyclesBiological Activity
241,065 views
72,388 downloads

Contributors:

 Aman Bhalla
,
 Shiwani Berry
,
 Shamsher S. Bari
Research PaperID: AJPTR66005

Microsponge: An augmented drug delivery system

Anupamaa Tiwari, Manoj Kumar Mishra, Ashutosh Shukla, Sunil Kumar Yadav

Microsponges are polymeric delivery systems composed of porous microspheres. They are tiny sponge-like spherical particles with a large porous surface. Moreover, they may enhance stability, reduce side effects and modify drug release favorably. Microsponge technology has many favorable characteristics, which make it a versatile drug delivery vehicle. Microsponge Systems are based on microscopic, polymer-based microspheres that can suspend or entrap a wide variety of substances, and can then be incorporated into a formulated product such as a gel, cream, liquid or powder. The outer surface is typically porous, allowing a sustained flow of substances out of the sphere. Microsponges are porous, polymeric microspheres that are used mostly for topical use and have recently been used for oral administration. Microsponges are designed to deliver a pharmaceutical active ingredient efficiently at the minimum dose and also to enhance stability, reduce side effects, and modify drug release. The aim of this article is to provide detail about microsponges and the past work done on it.  Microsponge delivery system consisting of a polymeric bead having network of pores with an active ingredient held within. Microsponge was developed to provide controlled release of the active ingredients whose final target is skin itself. Microsponge delivery system can be prepared into conventional dosage forms such as creams, lotions, gels, ointments, and powder and share a broad package of benefits. It holds a promising future in various pharmaceutical applications in the coming years. This review article consists of full detail on microsponge and different types of drug formulated in microsponge.

Microspongedrug deliveryaugmentationmarketed products
241,277 views
72,301 downloads

Contributors:

 Anupamaa Tiwari
,
 Manoj Kumar Mishra
,
 Ashutosh Shukla
,
 Sunil Kumar Yadav
Research PaperID: AJPTR66006

A Comprehensive Review On Structural and Biological Activity Relationship of 3-Acetoxyazetidin-2-Ones

Aman Bhalla, Dipika Narula, Shamsher S. Bari

Azetidin-2-ones (β-lactams) have been a mainstay as therapeutics for the treatment of a wide range of bacterial infections. The interest in β-lactams stems from their highly unusual structure-activity profiles towards a genera of pathogenic bacteria. Tremendous efforts have been made in the literature towards the development of novel β-lactam compounds for a study of their biological evaluation. The present review begins with a brief introduction of β-lactam antibiotics. This is preceded by the progress made towards the biological evaluation of a variety of racemic as well as optically active cis- or trans-3-acetoxyazetidin-2-ones. Their application in medicinal field as antifungal, antibacterial, antitumor, anticancer, IMR32 cytotoxic agents and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors is discussed.

3-Acetoxyazetidin-2-onesantifungalantibacterialantitumoranticancercarbonic anhydrase inhibitor
241,511 views
72,484 downloads

Contributors:

 Aman Bhalla
,
 Dipika Narula
,
 Shamsher S. Bari
Research PaperID: AJPTR66007

A study on Anixolytic activity on Solanum Nigrum Linn Leaf Extraction in Experimental models

Gopala Krishna Ch, Ashok Kumar. D, Yesu Babu B, Aparna S, Divya K, Sai Harathi B, Sudhakar Babu AMS

Anxiety disorders are marked by excessive fear, often in response to specific objects or situations and in the absence of true danger and they are extremely common in the general population. According to a recent epidemiological study, the lifetime prevalence of any anxiety disorder is 28.8%. Anxiety disorders are associated with impaired workplace performance and hefty economic costs. The clinical applications of benzodiazepines as anxiolytic are limited by their side effects. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Solanum Nigrum leaves.  Elevated plus maze test, light/dark test used. In the elevated plus maze, aqueous and ethanolic extracts (400mg/kg; p.o) showed an anxiolytic effect by increasing the percentage of time spent in open arms and the percentage of open arm entries as compared to control group.. In the light/dark transition test, aqueous extracts (400mg/kg; p.o) had increased the time spent in light area, latency to enter dark chamber and tunnel crossing. Whereas, ethanolic extract of (400mg/kg; p.o) has showed significant result. These results suggested that the extracts of Solanum Nigrum leaves possessed anxiolytic effect in mice, in contrast to diazepam, had no inhibitory effect on locomotion in these tests, its side effect profile might be superior to the benzodiazepines.

Solanum Nigrum leavesAnxiolytic propertyElevated plus mazelight/dark test.
241,689 views
72,543 downloads

Contributors:

 Gopala Krishna Ch
,
 Ashok Kumar. D
,
 Yesu Babu B
,
 Aparna S
,
 Divya K
,
 Sai Harathi B
,
 Sudhakar Babu AMS
Research PaperID: AJPTR66008

Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Dissolving Tablets of Enalapril Maleate Using Co-Processed Superdisintegrants

N. G. Raghavendra Rao, K. Shruthi, N. G. Srivani, C. Kistayya

Enalapril maleate is the maleate salt of enalapril, a derivative of two amino acid, L-alanine and L-proline. Enalapril maleate is angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance without relatively increasing cardiac output, rate or contractility. All grades of essential hypertension especially in patients with diabetes and other chronic renal diseases like glomerulosclerosis can be treated with Enalapril. It is also indicated in the treatment of heart failure. Enalapril maleate is having a half life of 11 hrs. The bioavailability of Enalapril maleate tablets is approximately 55 % and food does not affect absorption. Hence, an attempt was made for preparations of a FDT of enalapril maleate were formulated by direct compression technique using co-processed superdisintegrant like Crospovidone and Croscarmellose sodium in different ratios. The prepared were evaluated for various pharmaceutical characteristics viz. hardness, % friability, weight variation, drug content, in-vitro dissolution profiles. Results showed that the direct compression technique by using co-processed superdisintegrants successfully used for enhancing the solubility of Enalapril Maleate. The prepared tablets were characterized using FTIR and finally the prepared tablets were evaluated for various pharmaceutical characteristics such as hardness, % friability, weight variation, drug content all the results were within the I.P Limit. Crosspovidone and CCS containing tablets rapidly exhibit high capillary activity and pronounced hydration with a little tendency to gel formation and disintegrate the tablet rapidly. The formulations prepared by co-processed superdisintegrants showed rapid % drug release due to fast disintegration of tablets. The formulation PM 3 and CP 6 shows 99% drug released within 20 minutes. The results of stability studies revealed no change in physical appearance, hardness, drug content and in vitro dissolution profiles, thus indicating that formulation was stable. Thus Results showed that the direct compression technique by using co-processed superdisintegrants successfully used for enhancing the solubility of Enalapril maleate.

Enalapril MaleateMannitolCrospovidoneCroscarmelloseSodium starch glycolatedirect compression method.
241,451 views
72,565 downloads

Contributors:

 N. G. Raghavendra Rao
,
 K. Shruthi
,
 N. G. Srivani
,
 C. Kistayya
Research PaperID: AJPTR66009

One Spot Synthesis of New N-Substituted Acridinediones by Hantzsch condensation

Nazir Ahmad Wani

Acridinediones were synthesized by the one-pot Hantzsch condensation of an aromatic amines, 2-(4-floro phenyl)-5-bis(1,3diketo-5,5-dimethyl cyclohexyl)methylfuran  in acetic acid and the reaction mixture is refluxed for eighteen hours, the crushed ice the solid obtained was filtered and purified by column chromatography. The compound was characterized by using different spectrochemical characterizations.

AcridinedionesHantzsch condensationAromatic amineColumn Chromatography.
241,606 views
72,634 downloads

Contributors:

 Nazir Ahmad Wani
Research PaperID: AJPTR66010

Molecular Docking, Synthesis and Evaluation of Antianxiety and Anticonvulsant potential of some Novel 3-(substituted benzylidene)-5-phenyl-7-nitro-1, 3-dihydro-1H, 3H-1,4-Benzodiazepine-2-one

Sunil Menghani, Deweshri Kerzare, Nilesh Rarokar, Pramod Khedekar

The given title proposed with the aim to synthesize some novel benzylidene substituted benzodiazepine analogue to evaluate GABAA receptor inhibitory activity. Molecular docking simulation studies were also performed on life molecular suite software. All compounds found to possess good dock score, but varied in formation of intermolecular complexes at the receptor site. Bonding interactions like hydrogen bonds, hydrophilic bonds and pi-interactions of the ligand library with receptor binding site were considered as parameter for synthesis of selected and potent molecules. Diazepam to be selected as the reference compound and included in ligand library to ran simultaneously. Diazepam found to develop two hydrogen bonds with TYR 106A amino acid residue whereas π-π stacking interaction with TYR 106A and PHE 3A protein moiety. It is capable to form hydrophobic interactions with PHE 104A, PHE 3A, VAL 4A, ILE 32A, TYR 6A, TYR 5A, LYS 6A, and ARG 14A.  Most of the proposed compounds interacted in similar manner as diazepam. Dock score of diazepam and tested compounds were also comparable. All the synthesized molecules were characterized by IR, 1H-NMR and Mass spectrometric data. Elevated plus maze test and Maximal electroshock methods were selected to evaluate antianxiety and anticonvulsant activity respectively. Substitution of methoxy, ethoxy and dimethyl amino groups on benzylidene benzene found to have much therapeutic value but halogen and nitro substitution were not active even unable to show interaction forces with target receptor. Isopropyl group also found to possess potential effect on CNS.

Benzodizepines. GABAAMolecular dockingAntianxietyAntiepileptic.
241,970 views
72,484 downloads

Contributors:

 Sunil Menghani
,
 Deweshri Kerzare
,
 Nilesh Rarokar
,
 Pramod Khedekar
Research PaperID: AJPTR66011

In vitro antioxidant activity of whole plant extracts of Thalictrum foliolosum DC (pilijari)

Akhilesh, Neeraj Kumar, D.K. Sharma1 and Manoj Bisht

Present study was design to investigated In vitro antioxidant activity of hydroethanolic (HEETF), methanolic (METF) and aqueous extracts (AQETF) of Thalictrum foliolosum family-Ranuculacaece. Traditionally used for jaundice, antimalarial, antipyretic, Diuretics, dyspepsia and febrifuge was found in scientific literature. The antioxidant activity (AA) was determined by the possible four complementary test assay methods namely total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, Inhibition of  2,2 diphenyl -1 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and ABTS (2-2’- azinobis) radical scavenging activity or quenching activity .Total phenolic content were found in HEETF, METF and AQETF 43.64±24.2, 53.64± 32.8 and 55.82±30.6 respectively, result shows as mg/GAE/ g of extract. Total flavonoid content  were found in HEETF, METF and AQETF 25.43±31.3, 33.42± 29.3 and 42.67±31.8 respectively, result shows as mg/Rutin /g of extract.  In DPPH radical scavenging activity, IC50 value were found in HEETF, METF and AQETF 4.270µg/ml, 4.90 µg/ml and 5.170 µg/ml respectively, in ABTS 2-2’- azinobis radical scavenging activity value were found in HEETF, METF and AQETF  3.35µg/ml, 3.58µg/ml and  4.86 µg/m respectively. The present study revealed that hydroethanolic extract shows significant Antioxidant, Thus it provides a platform for further research, it could be a potential candidate for further drug development

In vitro antioxidant activityMamiraThalictrum foliolosumPilijariDPPHABTS+1 more
242,105 views
72,564 downloads

Contributors:

 Akhilesh
,
 Neeraj Kumar
,
 D.K. Sharma1 and Manoj Bisht
Research PaperID: AJPTR66012

Impurity Profiling for Donepzil Hydrochloride Tablet Formulations and Characterisation of Potential Degradant

P. Sreelatha, D. Vivekananda Reddy, Sripal Reddy Palavai, and B. Rama Devi

Compendia methods from the USP (United States pharmacopoeia) are widely used in Pharmaceutical drug product testing. However USP methods are under uninterrupted revision to improvement. Donepezil USP monograph is having two methods to quantify donepezil Related substance. The present research work is a single, simple and economic stability indicating impurity profiling method has been developed for scrutiny of Donepezil hydrochloride. Successfully Chromatographic separation has been achieved on an Inertsil C8 3v (150mm x 4.6mm) 3μm with buffered mobile phase consisting of solvent A (mixture of 0.1M phosphate (pH 2.8) buffer and methanol in the ratio 90: 10 (v/v); respectively) and Solvent B (mixture of 0.1 molar (M) phosphate ( pH 2.8) buffer , Acetonitrile and methanol in the ratio 20:20: 60 (v/v); respectively) delivered at flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and the detection wavelength is 215 nm. The drug was subjected to the stress conditions. Donepezil hydrochloride was found to deteriorate significantly in basic, oxidative stress conditions and stable other degradation conditions. One degradant was observed in the stability studies, Which is crossing Identification threshold .the same was isolated and structural elucidation was carried out by H-NMR, Mass spectroscopy. The developed method was corroborated as per ICH guidelines.

Impurity profileStability indicatingDevelopmentHPLCMass spectroscopyImpurities.
242,247 views
72,696 downloads

Contributors:

 P. Sreelatha
,
 D. Vivekananda Reddy
,
 Sripal Reddy Palavai
,
 and B. Rama Devi
Research PaperID: AJPTR66013

Anti-Tuberculosis, Cytotoxic, Antimicrobial and DNA Cleavage Evaluation of Mononuclear Metal Complexes of Quinoline Schiff Base: Synthesis and Spectral Approach

Shivashankar M. Kinnal, Sangamesh Patil A, Chetan T. Prabhakara, Shivakumar S. Toragalmath, and Prema S. Badami

The condensation of 2-hydrazino-4-phenyl thiazole and 3-formyl-2-hydroxyquinoline has led to the synthesis of a new Schiff base (L) and its series of mononuclear Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes have also been synthesized. The synthesized Schiff base and its metal complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, spectral techniques (FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, GC-MS, ESI-MS, UV-Vis, etc;) and magnetic studies. Elemental analyses reveals the [M(L)2.(H2O)2] stoichiometry, where M= Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II); “L”= doubly deprotonated ligand. The synthesized metal complexes are completely soluble in DMF and DMSO. The molar conductivity values indicate that, the metal complexes are non-electrolytic in nature. The newly synthesized compounds are good anti-tuberculosis and cytotoxic agents. They have been screened for in-vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities by MIC method. The DNA cleavage activity is studied by agarose gel electrophoresis method using pBR322 Plasmid DNA.

Quinoline Schiff baseMononuclear metal complexesElectronic spectral studiesAnti-tubercular activityCytotoxicityDNA Cleavage studies.
242,420 views
72,730 downloads

Contributors:

 Shivashankar M. Kinnal
,
 Sangamesh Patil A
,
 Chetan T. Prabhakara
,
 Shivakumar S. Toragalmath
,
 and Prema S. Badami
Research PaperID: AJPTR66014

RP- HPLC Method Development and Validation for the Determination of Valproic Acid In Pharmaceutical Dosage Form and Human Plasma

Dhia Eldin Elhag, Suliman A1. Babiker S. Abdalla

This research paper describes a procedure for determination of valproic acid (VA) in human serum using salicylic acid (SA) as internal standard (I.S.). The two drugs were separated by using 60% acetonitrile and 40% acidified water with phosphoric acid adjusted pH to 3 ±0.1 as mobile phase.  The column employed was C18 150×4.65µm at ambient temperature. Detection wave length, 220nm, flow rate 1ml/min. injection volume,20µL The method was linear over the range of 10-100ug/ml valproic acid. The validated limit of quantification and the limit of detection for valproic acid were11,1 and 1.11ug/ml, respectively. The precision of the method was evaluated and the intra and the interday precision were found to be 0.2 and 2.0, respectively.  The method is simple rapid, sensitive, robust and accurate and can be used for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM).

Valproic acidmethod developmentmethod validation. Internal standard Salicylic acid.
242,159 views
72,687 downloads

Contributors:

 Dhia Eldin Elhag
,
 Suliman A1. Babiker S. Abdalla
Research PaperID: AJPTR66015

Reason for Noncompliance In Psychiatric Patients – A Hospital Based Study

Pankaj Kumar, Rupesh Chaudhary, Akhil Chopra, B.P. Mishra

Compliance is defined as: ‘The extent to which the patient’s behaviour matches the prescriber’s recommendations’. Noncompliance on the other hand is the degree to which a patient does not carry out the clinical recommendations of treating physician. As per Kane non-compliance is defined as patient missing >65% of the medication prescribed. Noncompliance is also one of the most common causes of medication "non-response" in majority of the cases. This study was conducted at outpatient service of Psychiatry unit of a tertiary hospital in north India. A sample of 100 noncompliant patients between 18 to 65 years of age were taken.  Basic demographic information was collected using a socio-demographic proforma. MINI (Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview – a structured psychiatric interview) was applied for psychiatric evaluation and diagnosis. Different reasons for noncompliance were assessed using the semi structured proforma and Medication Adherence Rating Scale (MARS). It was found that the commonest reasons for noncompliance were lack of insight/awareness, seen in 45%, stigma associated with illnesses 40% and side effects in 38% of the subjects. Common disorders associated with noncompliance were depressive disorders 36%, schizophrenia 28% and bipolar disorder in 21% of the patients due to chronic course and lack of awareness. In psychiatry, medication compliance plays an enormous role in the success or failure of psychopharmacological treatments. Medication noncompliance is associated with relapse, rehospitalisation leading to morbid consequences, and decreases functioning of patients. With better and careful approach to these issues, we can decrease the morbidity and ensure a better outcome for the psychiatric patients.

Noncompliancepsychiatric illnessinsightstigma
242,656 views
72,772 downloads

Contributors:

 Pankaj Kumar
,
 Rupesh Chaudhary
,
 Akhil Chopra
,
 B.P. Mishra
Research PaperID: AJPTR66016

A Simple and Facile Method for the Isolation of Andrographolide from Andrographis Paniculata Nees

Kilambi Pundarikakshudu, Priya A. Shah, Siddharth R. Panchal, Hetal R. Joshi

Andrographis paniculata is an important medicinal plant in Indian and Chinese systems of medicine used for a number of ailments. Andrographolide (AP), a diterpene lactone, has been reported to be responsible for many of the activities. A number of methods are available for the isolation of AP.  However, they are time consuming and not cost effective. We employed five relatively simpler methods for the isolation of AP. The identities and purity of the compounds isolated by these five methods were established by thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), melting point, ultraviolet (UV), infrared (FTIR), mass, and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectra. Treatment of the extracts with activated charcoal proved to be quite effective in removing all coloring matter and resulted in isolation of pure AP. Of the five methods, prior maceration with methanol for 16 h followed by refluxing for 1h yielded 0.6%w/w of AP and was found to be quite satisfactory. This method does not need prior extraction of the powder with toluene nor does it require washing of the concentrated extract with toluene.  In this method only methanol (MeOH) was employed. All the spectral data and melting point of andrographolide isolated by this method confirmed its purity. This method is simple as it involves only three steps and has the potential for commercial scale up.

Andrographis paniculata NeesAndrographolideFTIRMass1H NMRHPLC.
242,409 views
72,882 downloads

Contributors:

 Kilambi Pundarikakshudu
,
 Priya A. Shah
,
 Siddharth R. Panchal
,
 Hetal R. Joshi
Research PaperID: AJPTR66017

An Scalable Approach Towards Synthesis of Biologically Active Fused Benzo[4ˈ,5ˈ]Thiazolo[3ˈ,2ˈ:1,2]Pyrimido[4,5-d][1,3]Thiazines with their Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity

Sambhaji P. Vartale, Balasaheb D. Kalyankar, Prashant N. Ubale

A straight forward method has been developed for the synthesis of novel heterocycles such as benzo[4,5]thiazolo[3ˈ,2ˈ:1,2]pyrimido[4,5-d][1,3]thiazine derivatives (5a-i) by condensation of 6-imino-4-(methylthio)-2-phenyl-6H-1,3-thiazine-5-carbonitrile (3) with 2-amino 1/2/3/4-substituted benzothiazoles (4a-i) in DMF by using anhydrous potassium carbonate as catalyst. Compound (3) was prepared by reaction of benzothioamide (1) and bis(methylthio)methylene malononitrile (2) with same reaction condition which is used for title compounds. The chemical structures of newly constructed derivatives were corroborated by IR, 1H-NMR 13C-NMR and Mass spectral analysis. Synthesized compounds were screened for antimicrobial as well as antioxidant activity.

BenzothioamideAntioxidant activityDMF and Potassium carbonate.
242,450 views
72,887 downloads

Contributors:

 Sambhaji P. Vartale
,
 Balasaheb D. Kalyankar
,
 Prashant N. Ubale
Research PaperID: AJPTR66018

Assessment of in-Home and in-Use Stability of Paracetamol Pediatric Oral Suspension through Simulate room temperature Storage Conditions

Layla Fathi, Dhia E. Elhag

This study examines the stability of paracetamol pediatric oral suspension (120mg/5ml) in simulated in-home storage conditions, temperature ranging from (300±5C/65±5RH) representing room condition. Samples from suspension were assayed for active pharmaceutical ingredient and tested for related substance (degradants) using B.P 2012 pharmacopeia HPLC method. The study was carried out in day zero, seven, fourteen, thirty and forty five.  The instrument utilize column ® C8, 100 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 μm particle size. The flow rate was 1.5 ml/minute. The mobile phase consisted of methanol, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide and sodium orthophosphate buffer. The results obtained showed that the drug assay content was out of the limits from day zero Furthermore, the half live was found to be 35.06 days

Paracetamol4-amino phenoldegradationHPLC.
242,979 views
72,901 downloads

Contributors:

 Layla Fathi
,
 Dhia E. Elhag
Research PaperID: AJPTR66019

The performance of Cement Kiln Dust in Removal of Some Dyes from Aqueous Solutions

D.A. Kadhim1 and S. A. Hassan

The adsorption of Murexide, Eosin yellowish and Bromo cresol green(BCG) dyes by CKD was carried out by varying the parameters such as contact time, dye concentration, adsorbent dose, pH and temperature. Adsorption isotherm equations were tested for all of Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Modified Frumkin, Dobinin-Radushvich, Harkins-Jura and Elovich. The equilibrium adsorption data were fitted between Freundlich and Temkin isotherms for Murexide, D-R isotherm for Eosin yellowish and Freundlich for BCG. Adsorption followed pseudo-second-order rate kinetics. The high percentage removal was found ≈ 80.2% at 333K , pH 6  ;  ≈ 42% at 303K,  pH 6; and ≈ 50% at 303K, pH 5 of Murexide, Eosin yellowish and BCG respectively. Thermodynamic parameters ΔG, ΔH, ΔS and Ea were computed ,and showed that the  adsorption process onto CKD was endothermic and spontaneous in Murexide adsorption process, while in Eosin yellowish and BCG adsorption was exothermic and spontaneous. Also adsorption studies suggest that physisorption might be the major mode of adsorption and CKD expressed as low affinity for removal of Eosin yellowish and BCG  and  in general the adsorption process was less affected by temperature .

Adsorption isothermsCement Kiln DustdyesKinetic studiesThermodynamic studies
242,993 views
72,851 downloads

Contributors:

 D.A. Kadhim1 and S. A. Hassan
Research PaperID: AJPTR66020

Stability indicating RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of Spironolactone and Hydroflumethiazide

Katta Suryaprabha, M.Subbarao, T. Neeharika, Golkonda Ramu, C.Rambabu

A stability indicating RP-HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous determination of Spironolactone (SRL) and Hydroflumethiazide (HFM) in pharmaceutical dosage form. Inertsil ODS - C18 (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 µm) column and mobile phase of methanol: acetonitrile : phosphate buffer in the ratio of 55:40:05 v/v at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min was used for separation of the components. The components were detected at a wavelength of 221nm using UV detector. The Spironolactone and Hydroflumethiazide were separated at retention time 4.67 and 6.74 min respectively. The developed method was validated in terms of precision, accuracy, linearity, specificity, limit of detection, limit of quantitation. The range of linearity was found to be 5-30 µg/mL for Hydroflumethiazide and 5-30 µg/mL for Spironolactone. The proposed method was applied to study the stability of the drugs under different degradation conditions such as acid, alkali, peroxide, thermal and photo light. The developed method was found to be simple, sensitive and rapid and hence, It can be adopted in any laboratory for quality control analysis.

SpironolactoneHydroflumethiazidequality controlstabilityvalidation.
242,948 views
72,926 downloads

Contributors:

 Katta Suryaprabha
,
 M.Subbarao
,
 T. Neeharika
,
 Golkonda Ramu
,
 C.Rambabu
Research PaperID: AJPTR66021

Related Substances of Acetaminophen In Acetaminophen, Dextromethorphan HBr and Doxylamine Succinate Soft Gelatin Capsules by Using RP-HPLC Method

Bavireddi Mohan, K.Jagadeswara Rao, S.V.Murali Mohan Rao, N.V.S.Venugopal

The analysis of improved HPLC-UV detector method for the separation and quantification of Acetaminophen, Dextromethorphan hydrobromide and Doxylamine succinate is described. Samples are analysed by means of reverse phase (RP-HPLC) using a Zodiac C-18, (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µ), and the mobile phase consists of two Channels A and B. Channel-A pH 6.0 Buffer: Methanol (85:15) and Channel-B pH 3.0 Buffer: Acetonitrile (70:30). The flow rate is 1.0 ml/min. The column temperature was maintained at 30˚C and sample temperature was maintained at ambient and wavelength fixed at 245nm UV-detection. It is found that the method of RP-HPLC with UV-detection system for the analysis of Acetaminophen, Dextromethorphan hydrobromide and Doxylamine succinate is straight forward and applied in qualitative and quantitative analysis. The developed LC method was validated with respect to specificity, precision, linearity, ruggedness, stability of analytical solution and robustness. Validation study compared as per ICH guideline.

HPLCAcetaminophenDextromethorphan HBr and Doxylamine SuccinateRS
243,244 views
73,042 downloads

Contributors:

 Bavireddi Mohan
,
 K.Jagadeswara Rao
,
 S.V.Murali Mohan Rao
,
 N.V.S.Venugopal
Research PaperID: AJPTR66022

Synthesis and Spectral Characterization of N-Phenyl-3-Phenyl-5-Substituted Phenyl Pyrazoline and 4-Phenyl-6-Substituted Phenyl-3,4-Dihydro Pyrimidine-2-one Analogues

S.Selvakumar, S.Ravichandran, B.Saritha, T.Bhargavi

The substituted chalcones (C1-5) was prepared by reaction of acetophenone (a) and aromatic aldehydes (b1-5). One series of N-phenyl pyrazoline analogues (K1-K5) were synthesized by reaction of the substituted chalcones (C1-5) with phenyl hydrazine in acidic medium. Another series of 3, 4-dihydropyrimidine-2-one analogues (K6-K10) were synthesized by reaction of substituted chalcones (C1-5) with ethanolic urea in alkali medium. The yield of the synthesized analogues ranged from 62-76%. The structures of the synthesized analogues were verified by FTIR,1H-NMR, mass spectral data and physical analysis. The structures of the synthesized heterocyclics are correlated with the spectral analysis and the synthesized heterocyclics structures are well agreed with the proposed structure.

pyrazolinepyrimidinechalconesInfrared spectroscopyNuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy and Mass spectroscopy
243,534 views
72,945 downloads

Contributors:

 S.Selvakumar
,
 S.Ravichandran
,
 B.Saritha
,
 T.Bhargavi
Research PaperID: AJPTR66023

Non-Conventional and Conventional Synthesis of 2-Substituted- Thiocarbamidophenols

D.T.Tayade, S.O.Mohod

Synthesis of 2-substitutedthiocarbamidophenols (III) was carried out by an interactions of 2-aminophenol (I) with various isothiocynates (II) by solvent free green synthetic non-conventional method as well as usual conventional method. Determination and justification of structure of products was established by usual chemical characteristics, elemental analysis and spectral studies.

Non-conventionalconventional methodsvarious isothiocynates 2-substituted thiocarbamido phenols.
243,293 views
73,084 downloads

Contributors:

 D.T.Tayade
,
 S.O.Mohod
Research PaperID: AJPTR66024

Low level determination of Genotoxic impurities in Pimobendan drug by RP-HPLC

N. Gayatri Devi, K. Bala Murali Krishna, K. Geetha Bhavani, B. Hari Babu, D. Ramachandran

(6-(3,4-diaminophenyl)-5-methyl-4,5-dihydropyridazine-3(2H)-one(GTI-A) and p-anisaldehyde (GTI-B)have been highlighted a (GTI's) potential genotoxic impurities (PGIs) of Pimobendan. A sensitive RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the determination of (6-(3,4-diaminophenyl)-5-methyl-4,5-dihydropyridazine-3(2H)-one and p-anisaldehyde in pimobendan using Zodiac C18 (125 X 4.6mm 5µ) column, with UV Detector. The calibration curves showed good linearity over the concentration range of 0.5μg/mL to 1.5μg/mL with respect to the sample. The correlation coefficient was 0.999. Excellent recoveries of 102 % were obtained at the level of 0.5μg/mL.

PimobendanGenotoxic(6-(34-diaminophenyl)-5-methyl-45-dihydro-pyridazine-3(2H)-one and p-anisaldehydeRP-HPLC.
243,615 views
73,075 downloads

Contributors:

 N. Gayatri Devi
,
 K. Bala Murali Krishna
,
 K. Geetha Bhavani
,
 B. Hari Babu
,
 D. Ramachandran
Research PaperID: AJPTR66025

Evaluation of Synergistic Effect of Green Tea and Horse Gram Powder Extract on the Treatment of Obesity Induced Rats

Dhanalaxmi Mohan Radj, K. Bhaskar Reddy

The present study aimed that evaluation of synergistic effect of green tea and horse gram powder extract on the treatment of obesity induced rats. Extraction of leaf of the Camellia sinensis and legume of Macrotyloma uniflorum with methanolic by Maceruation method. Individually and combined both plants extracted poly herbal extraction and screened for phytochemical study performed Preliminary Phytochemical analysis of crude extracts for individual palnts and poly herbal extraction and evaluated leaf of the Camellia sinensis and legume of Macrotyloma uniflorum and poly herbal extraction for Anti-Hyperlidemic activty activity by Triton X 100 Induced Hyperlipidemia model, High Fat Diet (FD) induced hyperlipidemic model, Estimation of Serum total cholesterol (TC) CHOD- PAP, Estimation of serum triglycerides, Estimation of HDL-cholesterol, Estimation of LDL cholesterol, Phytochemical investigation reveals the presence of alkaloids, flavanoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, triterpinoids, carbohydrates and glycosides in poly herbal methanolic extraction and individual plant extraction, In acute toxicity studies no mortality was observed with either of the extracts even at the dose level of 2000 mg/kg body weight In the present study, the methanol extracts of three plants reduced the cholesterol and triglycerides in a manner similar to the reduction facilitated by atorvastatin. The hypolipidemic activities of atorvastatin and the methanol extract of individual and polyherbal extraction were evident in both synthesis and excretory phases of triton-induced hyperlipidemia in rats.

Macrotyloma uniflorumCamellia sinensishyperlipidemia
243,865 views
73,176 downloads

Contributors:

 Dhanalaxmi Mohan Radj
,
 K. Bhaskar Reddy
Research PaperID: AJPTR66026

Method Validation and Development of RP-HPLC Method of Mebhydroline Napadisylate in Bulk and its Tablet Dosage Form

Rafat Jahan, Mariyam Akter, Jasmin Ara Nipa, Irin Binta Altaf

An accurate, simple, rapid and sensitive HPLC method has been developed for the determination of mebhydroline napadisylate in the tablet. The Chromatography was performed on a reversed phase C-18 column(150 mm × 4.6 mm id, 5μm) by isocratic elution, using a mobile phase of acetonitrile : ammonia 25% (80 : 20 v/v) at ambient temperature 25±5 °C and UV detection operates at 320 nm in an overall analysis time of about 10 min.The total retention time was 1.612 min with a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. % 0f RSD values for precision is found to be 0.293 (< 2).The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.03µg/ml and 0.096133µg/ml, respectively. The correlation coefficient for Mebhydroline Napadisylate 0.9972 indicates linearity of the methods within the limits. The linear range of determination for Mebhydroline Napadisylate was 100-500μg/ml. However, the change in flow rate and column temperature also did not show any significant variance. The % recovery was found to be 99.70%-99.41%.  As per ICH guidelines the proposed method is fully validated and found to be linear over a workable drug concentration, accurate, precise and robust.  This HPLC method is selective, precise, and accurate and can be used for routine analysis of pharmaceutical preparation in industrial quality-control laboratories.

HPLCmebhydroline napadisylatevalidationTablet
243,913 views
73,124 downloads

Contributors:

 Rafat Jahan
,
 Mariyam Akter
,
 Jasmin Ara Nipa
,
 Irin Binta Altaf
Research PaperID: AJPTR66027

Development and Validation of RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Determination of Ranolazine In Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form

Farhana Sharmin, Mariyam Akter, Jasmin Ara Nipa

This present study was undertaken with an objective to develop & validate a simple, precise, cost effective, sensitive & fast RP- HPLC method for the analysis of Ranolazine. A Shimazu HPLC system with Luna 5µm C18 is employed for the analysis using Methanol: Acetonitrile(50:50, v/v) as mobile phase. Signal from Ranolazine is detected at 227nm by UV Spectrophotometer. The total retention time was 5 min with a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. % 0f RSD values for precision is found to be 0.798%.The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.616 and 1.86, respectively. As per ICH guidelines the proposed method is fully validated and found to be linear over a workable drug concentration, accurate, precise and robust. This fast, simple and inexpensive method is suitable for research laboratories & also for quality control analysis in pharmaceutical industries.

RanolazineRP-HPLCAcetonitrileLinearityValidation.
244,152 views
73,104 downloads

Contributors:

 Farhana Sharmin
,
 Mariyam Akter
,
 Jasmin Ara Nipa
Research PaperID: AJPTR66028

Knoevenagel Condensation of Aldehydes with Meldrum’s Acid in Presence of Phenyl boronic acid as a catalyst

Vishvanath D. Patil, Ketan P. Patil, Nagesh R. Sutar, Avinash.T.Gatade

The Knoevenagel condensation of Meldrum’s acid with aromatic aldehydes proceeded efficiently at room temperature in the presence of catalytic amounts of Phenyl boronic acid. This approach offers many advantages such as good product yields, short reaction yield, easy isolation of products.

Active methylene compoundsKnoevenagel condensationMeldrum’s acidPhenyl boronic acidRoom temperature.
244,098 views
73,189 downloads

Contributors:

 Vishvanath D. Patil
,
 Ketan P. Patil
,
 Nagesh R. Sutar
,
 Avinash.T.Gatade
Research PaperID: AJPTR66029

Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of some 2-Azetidinone derivatives

arathlal P.S, V.Sebastin, Molly Mathew, Anoob Kumar K.I

A new series of azetidinone derivatives have been synthesized due to the growing resistance of bacteria towards the â-lactam antibiotics. In our present study Oxadiazole is synthesized from semicarbazide is on condensation with substituted aldehyde to form Schiff base. The schiff bases are cyclized with chloroacetylchloride in triethylamine to yield the corresponding 2-azetidinones. Structures of synthesized compounds are confirmed by physical & spectral analysis. The compounds have screened for antimicrobial activity.

2- AzetidinoneSchiff basechloroacetylchloridetriethylamineantimicrobial activity.
244,308 views
73,271 downloads

Contributors:

 arathlal P.S
,
 V.Sebastin
,
 Molly Mathew
,
 Anoob Kumar K.I
Research PaperID: AJPTR66030

Development and Validation of RP- HPLC Method For The Simultaneous Estimation of Amlodipine Besylate and Valsartan In Solid Dosage Form

K. Rahul, Ch. Devadasu, P. Srinivasa Babu

The objective of the present research work was to simultaneously separate the anti-hypertensive agents, Amlodipine and Valsartan and develop a validated analytical method for simultaneous quantitative determination of amlodipine and valsartan in tablet dosage form. A simple, rapid, precise and selective chromatographic method was developed and validated for separation and determination amlodipine and valsartan in tablet preparations. The anti-hypertensive agents were analyzed by Symmetry C18, (150 × 3.4 mm, 5 µ), Shimadzu LC-2010CHT Prominence Liquid Chromatograph and a mobile phase constituted of 10 mM Buffer (pH 3.0): methanol (50:50, v/v). The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and the analysis were performed using UV- Vis detector at 237nm. The anti-hypertensive agents, Amlodipine and Valsartan were separated within 10 min. Amlodipine and Valsartan showed retention time of 5.06 and 8.28 min respectively. The drugs were found to obey Beer’s law in the concentration range of 100 ppm of amlodipine and 128 ppm of valsartan. The developed assay method is selective, precise and accurate. The method has been successfully applied for determination of Amlodipine and Valsartan in pharmaceutical combination tablet dosage form. This developed method is sensitive, fast and simple with excellent peak symmetry and high resolution.

AmlodipineValsartanGradient RP-HPLCUV detectionValidation.
244,238 views
73,254 downloads

Contributors:

 K. Rahul
,
 Ch. Devadasu
,
 P. Srinivasa Babu
Research PaperID: AJPTR66031

UV Visible Spectrophotometric Estimation of Antibiotic Drugs

C.M.Bhaskar Reddy, Dr G.V. Subba Reddy, Dr N.Ananda Kumar Reddy

The main aim of current study was to develop U V visible spectrophotometric method for the quantitative determination of Flucloxacillin and  Ceftriaxone in bulk and  pharmaceutical formulations. Flucloxacillin  is a  broad spectrum beta -lactam antibiotic, belonging to the isoxazolyl family of penicillin’s. Ceftriaxone is a semi synthetic, broad-spectrum and third generation  cephalosporin antibiotic for intravenous or intramuscular administration. The solvents used in this method is chloroform ,double distilled water (1:1) in presence of phosphate buffer of pH 7.4. Linearity test solutions for the assay method were prepared in the range of 2-12 μg/ mL and  4-16 μg/mL respectively for determination of flucloxacillin and ceftriaxone which obeyed Beer’s law and found to linear. From the experimental results reveal that absorption maximum of 270 nm for flucloxacillin and 290 nm for ceftriaxone were found. Validation of the developed method for two drugs was carried out as per ICH requirements.

FlucloxacillinceftrixoneU v visible spectrophotometryBeer’s lawvalidation.
244,461 views
73,349 downloads

Contributors:

 C.M.Bhaskar Reddy
,
 Dr G.V. Subba Reddy
,
 Dr N.Ananda Kumar Reddy
Research PaperID: AJPTR66032

Protective role of fenugreek promotes mitochondrial protection in isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in rats

Murugesan Madhesh1* Balan Kannan, Preethi Rajesh, Rajmohan Mahalingam Sivaraj, Manju Vaiyapuri

Lipids and mitochondrial oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the development of cardiovascular disease, and mitochondria compartment is presumed as the main source and susceptible target of intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). The present study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the mitochondrial protection in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial-infarction (MI) in male Wistar rats. The rats were divided into four groups (n=6). Group I received 0.5% CMC treated as normal control group. Group II received isoproterenol (85 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneal (i.p.) for two consecutive days (14th and 15th days). Group III received fenugreek (250 mg/kg b.wt) intragastric intubation for 15 days. Group IV rats received fenugreek as in Group III and additionally isoproterenol was given for two consecutive days (14th and 15th days).The isoproterenol-induced rats indicated increase in the level of TBARS and decreased in the activities of mitochondrial antioxidants in MI rats, decrease in the levels of mitochondrial phospholipids and increase the levels of mitochondrial cholesterol, free fatty acids (FFAs), triglycerides (TGs) and the activities of mitochondrial enzymes like Isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (α-KGDH) were increased in isoproterenol-induced rats. On treatments with fenugreek at a daily dose of (250 mg/kg b.wt) showed significantly decrease in the levels of mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, raise in the mitochondrial antioxidant levels and also diminish in the mitochondrial enzymes. The present study exposed that fenugreek ameliorates the mitochondrial damage in isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction by maintaining lipid peroxidation metabolism due to its free radical scavenging, mitochondrial lipids, antioxidants and mitochondrial enzymes. Histopathological study was also in correlation with the biochemical parameters. Key notes: fenugreek, isoproterenol, mitochondrial enzymes, antioxidants.

fenugreekisoproterenolmitochondrial enzymesantioxidants.
244,463 views
73,359 downloads

Contributors:

 Murugesan Madhesh1* Balan Kannan
,
 Preethi Rajesh
,
 Rajmohan Mahalingam Sivaraj
,
 Manju Vaiyapuri
Research PaperID: AJPTR66033

Urea: A Highly Efficient Recyclable Organocatalyst For Synthesis of Bioactive Annulated Pyrimidine via Knoevenagel-Michael Addition Pathway In Aqueous Ethanol

Rajendra Sukhadeorao Dongre, Rupali Sudhakarrao. Selokar

A highly efficient synthetic procedure were developed for the synthesis of bioactive pyrido [2,3-d] pyrimidines by  one-pot three component reaction of 6-amino 1,3-dimethyluracil, active methylene compounds and substituted aromatic aldehydes catalyzed using  urea catalyst  in aqueous media at room temperature. Mild reaction conditions, excellent yields, operational simplicity, no tedious separation procedures and clean reaction profiles are the key advantages of the present method. The bioactive synthesized derivatives showed no significant effect of electron donating or withdrawing moieties of the reacting aromatic aldehydes. This protocol produced the desired products in high yields (85-95 %) and short reaction times (45-75min) with reusability of reaction medium. Synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, 1HNMR & 13C NMR and mass spectral data.

Pyrido[23-d] pyrimidinesMalononitrileAromatic aldehydesAqueous ethanolUrea.
244,872 views
73,447 downloads

Contributors:

 Rajendra Sukhadeorao Dongre
,
 Rupali Sudhakarrao. Selokar
Research PaperID: AJPTR66034

Rapid Determination of Cefazolin Levels in Human Plasma by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Rajaa F Hussein, Muhammad M Hammami

A simple, precise, and rapid high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of cefazolin level in human plasma using ceftriaxone as an internal standard (IS) was developed and validated. 0.25ml plasma samples containing cefazolin were mixed with 17.5 µg of the IS. After adding 0.3 ml of cold methanol kept in fridge at 4 °C, the mixture was vortexed for two min and then centrifuged for 15 min at 16000 rpm at room temperature. The clear supernatant was transferred into an auto-sampler vial and 100 µl was injected into the HPLC system with a run time of 18.0 min. The compounds of interest were efficiently separated on 4.6 x 150 mm Atlantis dC18-5µm steel column, using a Guard Pak pre-column module with Nova-Pak C185-µm insert, and detected using Waters 2998 photodiode array detector set at 270 nm. The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of 0.02 M of cetyltriethyl ammonium bromide and 0.01 M dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (pH = 6.5, adjusted with phosphoric acid) and acetonitrile, 60:40 (v:v) for 6 min, 50:50 for 6 min, and 60:40 for 6 min. It was delivered at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min. No interference in blank plasma or by commonly used drugs was observed; and the detection limit of cefazolin was 0.1 µg/ml. The relationship between cefazolin concentration in plasma and peak area ratio of cefazolin/IS was linear (r2 ≥ 0.9979) in the range of 0.2–200 µg/ml. Intra- and inter-day coefficient of variation (CV) was ≤ 7.4%  and  ≤ 5.7%, with the corresponding bias of ≤ 4.9% and ≤ 5.1%. Mean extraction recovery of cefazolin and IS were 97%, respectively. Using the method, cefazolin was found to be stable in processed samples for 48 hrs at -20°C ( ≥ 96%), and in unprocessed samples for 8 weeks at -20°C (≥ 98%), Further, the method was successfully used to measure cefazolin level in plasma samples.

CefazolinHPLC
244,842 views
73,514 downloads

Contributors:

 Rajaa F Hussein
,
 Muhammad M Hammami
Research PaperID: AJPTR66035

Self-Esteem Assessment In Patients With Type II Diabetes

Mohammed M.Alobaylan, Mohammed K.Alharithy, Omar R.Abdalgader, Ziyad A.Alsugair, Ahmed A.Bokhari, Shrooq T.AlKhodaidi, Lulwah M.Alharthy, Daifallah Almalki, KhaledA.Alswat

WHO estimates that the number of people with diabetes has risen from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014. Self-esteem is becoming a crucial topic for physicians, given the assumption that high self-esteem positively correlates with patients’ adherence to management plan. We conducted this study to assess the self-esteem in T2DM patients and its relation to glycemic control, life-style habits and DM complication. This is a cross-sectional interview-based study that was conducted between September 2015 and July 2016 in Prince Mansour Hospital, Taif, Saudi Arabia. We included adult patients with T2D patients and excluded those with T1D, gestational diabetes and psychiatric illness. Self-esteem assessment was done using Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. A total of 101 patients with a mean age of 56.0 years, majority were females with long standing T2D, mean HbA1c was 8.6 %. Most of patients recorded a high score in Rosenberg self-esteem score with a mean score of 21.0. Only 4 out of the total 101 T2D patients have low self-esteem.Compared to those who are considered to have low self-esteem, those with normal self-esteem were younger (p 0.043), and were more likely to be female (p 0.244), have shorter T2D duration (p 0.423), obese (p 0.267), lower SBP (p 0.112), higher HbA1c (p 0.347), be physically active (p 0.892), and less likely to have microvascular complications (p > 0.05) and to report hypoglycemia (p 0.633).96% of the screened T2D patients have normal self-esteem and were significantly more likely to be younger. Those with normal self-esteem were non-significantly more likely to be female, shorter T2D duration, have higher BMI and HbA1c, and have lower hypoglycemic episodes and microvascular complications.

244,825 views
73,526 downloads

Contributors:

 Mohammed M.Alobaylan
,
 Mohammed K.Alharithy
,
 Omar R.Abdalgader
,
 Ziyad A.Alsugair
,
 Ahmed A.Bokhari
,
 Shrooq T.AlKhodaidi
,
 Lulwah M.Alharthy
,
 Daifallah Almalki
,
 KhaledA.Alswat
Research PaperID: AJPTR66036

Microbial Enzymatic Activity in some Marine Sites of the North Mediterranean sea Coast of Egypt

Nouran Ashraf El-Said Zoromba, Magdy Mohsen Mohammed Bahgat, Mohammed Ismail Mohammed Abou-Dobara, Mahmoud Mohammed Mohammed Zaky

Microbial enzymatic activities of α- Amylase and β- Galactosidase enzymes were measured  seasonally in marine water samples that were collected from two sites located at the south Levantine Sea basin of the Mediterranean Sea of Egypt, Port Fouad city in the east and Alexandria city in the west during four successive seasons from autumn 2014 to summer 2015. Determination of microbial enzymatic activities were carried out by determining reducing sugars using DNS reagent. This research provided a newly applied method for the determination of microbial enzymatic activities in natural open water system, the Mediterranean Sea. The applied methodology involved using marine water samples as the source of crude enzyme , eliminating the difficulties of extracting an enzyme from specific microorganism as well as avoiding the adjustment of aseptically required conditions for the inoculation and incubation of the desired microorganism in culture media tube under the laboratory conditions while providing almost natural conditions for the microbial community represented in water samples. The water samples were chemically analyzed to determine the effect of certain metal ions concentrations on the enzymatic activities of the microbial α- Amylase and β- Galactosidase enzymes. The results showed that though water samples were collected from the same marine source yet, spatial variations occurred between the two sampling sites and seasonal variations at the same sampling sites which were attributed to the naturally occurring environmental variations during the different seasons of the year.

&#945-Amylase&#946-GalactosidaseBacteria.
245,213 views
73,615 downloads

Contributors:

 Nouran Ashraf El-Said Zoromba
,
 Magdy Mohsen Mohammed Bahgat
,
 Mohammed Ismail Mohammed Abou-Dobara
,
 Mahmoud Mohammed Mohammed Zaky
Research PaperID: AJPTR66037

A Novel Rapid RP-HPLC Method Development and Validation of Imatinib Mesylate in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form

Suresha DN, Pramila .T, Tamizh Mani .T

An accurate, simple, rapid, precise and economical RP- HPLC method has been developed for the rapid estimation of ImatinibMesylate in bulk and pharmaceutical formulation. The separation was achieved on Phenomenex C18 G column ( 250 x 4.6 mm i.d, 5 μm), using Methanol : 1-octanesulphonic acid (0.05M) at PH-8 with KOH  70:30 (v/v) as mobile phase, at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Detection was carried out at 269 nm and drug eluted with a retention time of 5.548 min. Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration range of 2-12μg/ml with correlation coefficient 0.999. The method had been validated according to ICH guide lines for specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, ruggedness, LOD and LOQ. The method was found to be specific, accurate, and precise, robust, rugged and sensitive. The proposed method was convenient for quantitative routine analysis and quality control of ImatinibMesylate in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. Key words: Imatinib Mesylate , RP-HPLC, Validation, 1-Octanesulphonic acid.

Imatinib MesylateRP-HPLCValidation1-Octanesulphonic acid.
244,985 views
73,513 downloads

Contributors:

 Suresha DN
,
 Pramila .T
,
 Tamizh Mani .T
Research PaperID: AJPTR66038

Validated Spectrophotometric Estimation of Benfotiamine in Pure and Tablet dosage form

Nanjesh Gowda, Jose Gnana Babu C, Tamizh Mani T

A new, simple and sensitive UV-spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of Benfotiamine in bulk and tablet dosage form. This method, involves the measurement of absorbances of Benfotiamine at the wavelength of 244nm. 0.1M HCl was used as solvent. Linearity was observed in the concentration range of 3-18µg/ml with correlation coefficient 0.999. The accuracy of the method was confirmed by recovery studies of tablet dosage forms and was found to be 99.32%-100.42% for Benfotiamine. The method showed good reproducibility and recovery with %RSD lessthan 2.0. The LOD and LOQ of Benfotiamine was found to be 0.051μg/ml and 0.155μg/ml. Results of the analysis were validated for accuracy, precision, LOD, LOQ and were found to be satisfactory. Thus the developed method was found to be simple, sensitive, rapid, precise, accurate and cost effective quality control tool for the routine analysis of Benfotiamine in bulk and tablet dosage form.

BenfotiamineUV SpectrophotometryBenFORCETablet.
245,485 views
73,626 downloads

Contributors:

 Nanjesh Gowda
,
 Jose Gnana Babu C
,
 Tamizh Mani T
Research PaperID: AJPTR66039

Biological evaluation of marine derived fungi C. geniculatus secondary metabolites

J. Swathi, K.V. N Ratnakar Reddy, K.M Sowjanya, K.Narendra, A. Krishna Satya

In order to explore pharmaceutical activity of marine fungi fungal samples were collected from both marine water and marine mud  of coastal lines in Andhra Pradesh, India. . Fungal samples were screened and identified as C.geniculatus. Screened marine fungi were evaluated for therapeutic activities which include antimicrobial, Anti-oxidant, Antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities. Pure cultures of these strain were fermented for 10 to 15 days, which resulted in the production of crude extract. The crude extract was separated, condensed,, weighed and stored for further analysis. Crude extract was analyzed for antibacterial and antifungal activities using agar well diffusion method at four different concentrations. Anti-oxidant by DPPH method, Antidiabetic by alpha amylase activity and anti-inflammatory activities by 5-LOX methods were done.  Antimicrobial activity was done with nine bacterial strains and five fungal strains. C.geniculatus showed good inhibitory activity against bacterial Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus casei and Enterococcus faecalis strains and  fungal strain Fusarium oxysporium. At maximum concentration DPPH method showed 92.58% radical scavenging activity, amylase activity showed 79.26% activity and 5 LOX method showed moderate activity at 51.72% of anti-inflammatory activity at this concentration.

Marine fungiC.geniculatusFermentationcrude compoundBiological activities
245,160 views
73,576 downloads

Contributors:

 J. Swathi
,
 K.V. N Ratnakar Reddy
,
 K.M Sowjanya
,
 K.Narendra
,
 A. Krishna Satya
Research PaperID: AJPTR66040

Simultaneous Quantitative Determination of Olmesartan and Hydrochlorothiazide in Human Plasma by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Dhananjay Sable, Abhas Tiwari, Milind Bagul, Sailendra Goswami

A specific, sensitive and rapid LCMS/MS method was developed for simultaneous determination of olmesartan and hydrochlorothiazide in human plasma using olmesartan D4 and hydrochlorothiazide 13C6 as internal standards. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) method was used to extract the analytes from biological matrix. Analysis was carried out on phenomenex Luna C18 column with a flow rate of 0.600 mL/minute with 80% flow splitting. Detection was carried out on a triple quadrupole linear mass spectrometer, equipped with turbo ion spray source. The method was validated over the concentration range of 32.32 ng/mL to 2676.60 ng/mL for olmesartan and 5.12ng/mL to 423.83ng/mL for hydrochlorothiazide. Olmesartan and hydrochlorothiazide were found to be stable upto 75 days in K3EDTA based Human Plasma at -20ºC. Inter and intra-batch precision of olmesartan and hydrochlorothiazide were less than 15% and the accuracy was within 85–115% in plasma.  The mean % recovery was 53.09 % for olmesartan and 59.12 % for hydrochlorothiazide in human plasma. The stability of olmesartan and hydrochlorothiazide in plasma were confirmed up to five freeze-thaw cycles at -20°C and on bench up to 24 hours and 15 minutes at ambient temperature. The method was validated satisfactorily and was suitable for the quantitation of olmesartan and hydrochlorothiazide from plasma samples in a pharmacokinetic study.

OlmesartanHydrochlorothiazideEdemaHypertensionLiquid ChromatographyMass Spectroscopy.
245,577 views
73,770 downloads

Contributors:

 Dhananjay Sable
,
 Abhas Tiwari
,
 Milind Bagul
,
 Sailendra Goswami
Research PaperID: AJPTR66041

Simultaneous Standardization of Arbutin and Quercetin from Origanum Majorana by Novel HPTLC Technique

A. Suganthi, Arun NT, T. K. Ravi

Arbutin and quercetin are anti-cancer agents, extracted from leaves and flowers of Origanum majorana L which can be simultaneously estimated using a rapid, specific and sensitive high – performance thin layer chromatographic technique using silica gel G60F254 as the stationary phase and butyl acetate: methanol: formic acid: toluene (8: 1.5: 5: 0.5) as mobile phase for the separation. The method was validated for linearity, precision and recovery. Linearity was established in the range 300-900 ng/spot for arbutin and 150-450 ng/spot for quercetin, respectively. The % RSD values of repeatability of application, repeatability of measurement, intra-day and inter day precision studies of arbutin and quercetin were found to be below 1 for 500 and 250 ng/spot of arbutin and quercetin, respectively. The recovery of the drugs were found to be 99.8 and 100.2%, proves that the developed method was highly accurate. Hence the proposed validated method could be applied for the simultaneous analysis of arbutin and quercetin in methanolic extract of Origanum majorana L as well as for its marketed formulation.

ArbutinquercetinOriganum majoranavalidationHPTLC
245,769 views
73,753 downloads

Contributors:

 A. Suganthi
,
 Arun NT
,
 T. K. Ravi
Research PaperID: AJPTR66042

Phytochemical analysis and in vitro synergistic efficacy of leaf extracts of Acacia polyacantha and antibiotics against MDR Klebsiella SPP.

Shweta M. Bhiwankar, Ashok V. Gomashe, Suvarna P. Patil, Vijay N. Charde

Emerging Multidrug-resistant problem is a major concern. Klebsiella sp. can lead to a wide range of disease causing pathogen namely  pneumonia, urinary tract infections, septicemia, meningitis, diarrhea and soft tissue infections and development of MDR against commonly used antibiotics making the case difficult to manage. Total 525 Clinical samples were screened for isolation of Klebsiella sp. Total 36 isolates belonging to Klebsiella sp. Were obtained. 29(8.06%) isolates were associated with urinary tract infection (UTI), 6(12%) with sputum and 1(1.54%) was associated with blood. Antibiogram study of these isolates revealed that all these isolates are resistant to several antibiotics out of 34 antibiotics tested. Cold and hot acacia leaf petroleum ether extract, cold and hot acacia leaf chloroform extract, cold and hot acacia leaf acetone extract, cold and hot acacia leaf methanol extract and cold and hot acacia leaf water extract were used for synergistic study. Qualitative phytochemical analysis these leaf extracts showed the prominent presence of alkaloids, Carbohydrates and glycosides, proteins and amino acids and phytosteroids. The studies on these extracts of Acacia polycantha and antibiotics on susceptibility of resistant Klebsiella isolates showed that both cold and hot solvent extracts are effective on antibiotics. The effectiveness shown by these extracts may be useful in evaluating the efficacy of combination therapy against MDR-Klebsiella sp.

PhytochemicalAntibioticsMultidrug resistanceKlebsiella sp.
245,799 views
73,673 downloads

Contributors:

 Shweta M. Bhiwankar
,
 Ashok V. Gomashe
,
 Suvarna P. Patil
,
 Vijay N. Charde
Research PaperID: AJPTR66043

Therapeutic Evaluation of Habb-E-Suranjan In Hyperuricemia

Ehsan Rauf, M.Mohsin, Tabassum Latafat

The concept of hyperuricemia has not been described at all in Unani system of medicine, but description of a joint disorder known as Niqris, has been found in most of the classical Unani texts. The clinical features of Niqris very much resemble with the Gout as described in Allopathy, which occurs due to hyperuricemia. In practice, hyperuricemia is frequently defined as a serum urate levels exceeding of 7mg/dl (0.42 mmol/l) in adult males and 6 mg/dl (0.36 mmol/l) in adult females. However, this arbitrary definition of Hyperuricemia has been justified by epidemiological studies showing that those with SUA levels greater than 7mg/dl are at increased risk of developing gouty arthritis and urolithiasis. Hyperuricemia is fairly common, with a prevalence ranging between 2.3 to 41.4 percent in various populations. A variety of factors appear to be associated with higher serum urate concenterations. The present study was conducted on 50 patients of Primary Hyperuricemia attending the OPD of Ajmal Khan Tibbiya College and Hospital. During the study it was observed that the mean serum uric acid level, which was 8.6±1.1before the beginning of the study got reduced to 6.6±1.3 at the end of the study. As we applied paired “t” test to the observations recorded before and after treatment it was found that t=12.6, p

HyperuricemiaNiqrisGoutAllopathy.
246,040 views
73,802 downloads

Contributors:

 Ehsan Rauf
,
 M.Mohsin
,
 Tabassum Latafat
Research PaperID: AJPTR66044

Synthesis, Characterizations and Antimicrobial Activities of 1, 2, 4-Triazoles

Chandrakant S. Bhaskar

A series of substituted 1, 2, 4-triazole derivatives have been synthesized, using chloroform mediated phenylimino dichloromethane. It was added to a chloroform suspension of N'-(arylidene) ethanehydrazonohydrazide and the mixture was refluxed over water bath for 3 hours. The evolution of hydrogen chloride gas was noticed. The structures of synthesized compounds are confirmed on spectral analysis like IR; 1H NMR and 13C NMR data. All newly synthesized compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activity towards Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains and antifungal activity including  B. subtilis, E. coli, S. aureus, S. ablong, Candida and A. niger. Results showed that most of compounds have measurable antibacterial and antifungal activity.

124-triazoleshydrazonohydrazideSynthesis of 12+1 more
246,162 views
73,805 downloads

Contributors:

 Chandrakant S. Bhaskar
Research PaperID: AJPTR66045

Experimental Study of the Interaction of Coumarin-1 With an Aliphatic Amine

S.Bakkialakshmi, M. Shakthi, K.B.Renuga Devi

Effect of aliphatic, Triethyl amine (TEA), and its concentration on fluorescence intensity of coumarin-1, one of the coumarin derivatives was investigated. Spectral investigation of coumarin-1 solution containing compounds showed change in intensity as compared to pure coumrin-1 solution. The variation of fluorescence intensity could be used for determination of aliphatic in quenching region. The average lifetime has been calculated and reported.

Coumarin-1Triethyl aminelifetime.
246,225 views
73,826 downloads

Contributors:

 S.Bakkialakshmi
,
 M. Shakthi
,
 K.B.Renuga Devi
Research PaperID: AJPTR66046

Standardization, Phytochemical Screening and TLC Profiling of Polygonum Glabrum

Raja S, Ramya I

Standardization of medicinal plants is an important step as it determines the identity and quality of a plant. The aim of present study was to standardize Polygonum glabrum by evaluating physicochemical parameters. Successive extraction, phytochemical screening and thin layer chromatography analysis were studied to detect the presence of various phytoconstituents. Physicochemical parameters such as loss on drying, total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble extractive and alcohol soluble extractive values were found to be 06.7±1.19%w/w, 15.52±0.28%w/w, 4.65±0.02%w/w, 20.05±1.07%w/w and 13.66±0.20%w/w, respectively. In phytochemical screening, petroleum ether extract revealed the presence of steroids, tannins and saponins whereas chloroform extract confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and carbohydrates. Ethylacetate extract showed the presence of phenolic compounds, steroids, proteins and glycosides. Further, major constituents like alkaloids, sugars, phenols, proteins, steroids, saponins, tannins and flavonoids were present in methanol extract. In addition, thin layer chromatography analysis supports the presence of terpenoids, alkaloids and flavonoids in petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts, respectively.  It can be concluded that the standardization parameters investigated in this study could assist in safe, accurately collection, handling of crude materials, ensure efficacy and stability of ended product. Further, the major active constituents were identified in different extracts of Polygonum glabrum

Polygonum glabrumPhysicochemical analysisStandardizationThin layer chromatography
246,146 views
73,936 downloads

Contributors:

 Raja S
,
 Ramya I
Research PaperID: AJPTR66047

Ancient and Modern aspect of Bhasma Parikshas of Maharas, Upras, Sadharan ras accoding to Rasagranthas

Pratibha PakaSh Kharat, Vinaya R. Dixit

There are many bhasma parikshas which can be easily performed on clinical bases, but due to lack of collective information its seems to be hard. Its not easily possible for ayurvedic practioners to review bhasma parikshas from maximum rasagranthas at a time. Also there is confusion about bhasmas colour variations which are mentioned differently in different rasagranthas. By considering all this thing its need of today, a study which include maximum bhasma parikshas from maximum rasagranthas should be collected and represented in easy to understand form.  Aim and objectives : 1) To verify the quality and safety of bhasmas by using bhasma parikshas mentioned in ancient rasashastriy texts as well as modern available techniques. 2)  To create awareness for the use of medicine of good quality in treatment. 3) To overcome the adverse issues related to the use of bhasmas and there worldwide acceptance. Methodology: 1) Review of bhasma parikshas from ancient texts of rasashastra. E.g. Varitaratva, apunarbhavatva etc. 2) Database was prepared for rasadravyas from M-s Excel Sheet     3) Presented as a chart- for specific Bhasma and bhasma parikshas which are mentioned in rasagranthas. Inferences : By such study the classical norms mentioned in the rasashastra texts can be put into the practice. It can impart better quality and safety in practices.

Ancientmodernbhasma parikshasras.
246,582 views
73,998 downloads

Contributors:

 Pratibha PakaSh Kharat
,
 Vinaya R. Dixit
Research PaperID: AJPTR66048

Optimization of Tetrabenazine Tablet Formulation to Improve Dissolution Shift

Santanu Roy, K.Kannan, Jitendra Baweja, Amol Choulwar

A two level four factor partial factorial design was adopted, composite of experiment design was applied to optimize a tablet formulation of Tetrabenazine (TBZ) Tablets 25mg containing high percentage of Lactose Anhydrous, Sodium starch Glycolate, Magnesium Stearate and Starch/Lactose Ratio. The particle size distribution of Lactose Anhydrous is used as dependent variable and  Sodium starch Glycolate, Magnesium Stearate and Starch/Lactose Ratio were used as independent variables for optimizing some tablets response parameters. Reponses parameters for final TBZ Tablets were percentage of TBZ dissolve at thirty minutes. Design of Experiments (DOE) is an organized approach to determine the relationship between independent process variables and their effect on the response variable.24 partial factorial design were applied in this research work. The models were validated for accurate prediction of response characteristics and use to identify the optimum formulation. The results that an optimum TBZ 25mg tablets having a volume similar to commercial products can be produced by dry granulation process utilizing Lactose Anhydrous.

Tetrabenazine (TBZ)Design of Experiment (DOE)Critical Quality Attributes (CQA)Content Uniformity (CU)Acceptance Value (AV).
246,684 views
74,067 downloads

Contributors:

 Santanu Roy
,
 K.Kannan
,
 Jitendra Baweja
,
 Amol Choulwar

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