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📢 Latest Update: New special issue call for papers on "Emerging Technologies in Research" - Submit by March 31, 2025

📢 Latest Update: New special issue call for papers on "Emerging Technologies in Research" - Submit by March 31, 2025

October 2015 Issue 5

Volume 5, Issue 5 - $2015

Volume 5 Issue 5 Cover

Issue Details:

Volume 5 Issue 5
Published:Invalid Date

Editorial: October 2015 Issue 5

Welcome to the 2015 issue of American Journal of PharmTech Research. This issue showcases the remarkable breadth and depth of contemporary research across multiple disciplines. From cutting-edge applications of machine learning in climate science to the revolutionary potential of quantum computing in drug discovery, our featured articles demonstrate the power of interdisciplinary collaboration in addressing global challenges.

We are particularly excited to present research that bridges traditional academic boundaries, reflecting our journal's commitment to fostering innovation through cross-disciplinary dialogue. The integration of artificial intelligence with environmental science, the application of blockchain technology to supply chain management, and the convergence of urban planning with smart city technologies exemplify the transformative potential of collaborative research.

As we continue to navigate an era of rapid technological advancement and global challenges, the research presented in this issue offers both insights and solutions that will shape our future. We thank our authors, reviewers, and editorial board members for their continued dedication to advancing knowledge and promoting scientific excellence.

Dr Hemangi J Patel
Editor-in-Chief
American Journal of PharmTech Research

Articles in This Issue

Showing 46 of 46 articles
Research PaperID: AJPTR55001

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) a Review of an Emerging Disease

Mili Sarkar, Nibedita Das

The latest emerging disease, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory illness caused by a member of beta group of corona virus named the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV) which was first identified in Saudi Arabia in April 2012. With frequent air travel worldwide, global data as on July 2015 stands at 486 deaths and 1357 confirmed cases across 25 nations, with the possible source, in all the outbreaks, being traced back to the Middle East. Initial presenting symptom of illness is non specific within 14 days of acquiring infection, though the course is more severe in those with chronic debilitating illness leading to respiratory or renal failure. Bat and camel has been implicated as the potential reservoir but confirmation regarding the possible source and route of transmission of infection is yet to be ascertained. No specific treatment or vaccine is currently available. Supportive therapy remains the only modality of treatment. Preventive and control measures play a major role in effective containment of the disease. WHO recommends early detection of cases and isolation, and practice of standard precautions like hand washing, use of masks, gloves, protective eye goggles etc. by the caregivers as well as the healthcare providers.

Middle East Respiratory SyndromeMERSCorona virusMERS-CoVEmerging viral disease.
194,634 views
58,343 downloads

Contributors:

 Mili Sarkar
,
 Nibedita Das
Research PaperID: AJPTR55002

Resurgence of Penfluridol: Merits and Demerits

Ranjan Bhattacharyya, Rajarshi Bhadra, Utpal Roy, Sumita Bhattacharyya, Jayanta Pal, Siddhartha Shankar Saha

Penfluridol is oral long acting depot antipsychotic introduced in 1970s. The re-emergence of the molecule in the practicing field draws attention of clinicians. The systematic search and review of literature done in order to find current perspectives of use of Penfluridol. Systematic search of prospective clinical research studies has been done. Cochrane Database review of twenty-seven studies done with a total of 1024 patients revealed that penfluridol was superior to placebo in improvement in clinical global impression and reduces the need of additional antipsychotic. Indications of penfluridol include acute psychosis, chronic schizophrenia and Tourette’s syndrome. The notable adverse effects include orthostatic hypotension, osteoporosis leading to fracture in elderly, extra pyramidal side effects and QT prolongations with arrhythmia. Most of the studies were done in 1970s and 1980s when the proper conduct of clinical trials were not established.

Penfluridol oral depotextrapyramidal symptomsresurgenceadverse effectsCochrane review.
194,844 views
58,527 downloads

Contributors:

 Ranjan Bhattacharyya
,
 Rajarshi Bhadra
,
 Utpal Roy
,
 Sumita Bhattacharyya
,
 Jayanta Pal
,
 Siddhartha Shankar Saha
Research PaperID: AJPTR55003

Drug Information System and Services

Aasim Kazi, Shilpa Takawane, Madhuri Verma, Shraddha Shimpi, Vishakha More, Bharti Rayate

The provision of medication information is among the most fundamental responsibilities of pharmacist because, it makes the person current, competitive and knowledgeable. For this patient drug information system (DIS) is developed which include dialogue with patient. It provide a clear, consistent and mandatory approach to achieve a visible standardized level of dialogue with each patient. Whereas several challenges are associated in implementation of this system are differing region wise which may include cultural and economic, limited communication, infrastructure, open door access for free government health spending etc. In addition to the general challenges few are problem of an absence of routinely collected indicator data and a shortage of individual with the skill or qualifications necessary to oversee drug information system, source of reliable information on drug consumption. The present article document highlights regarding (DIS) and some of the key challenges in developing drug information system and highlights priority development issues to improve capacity for collecting better information on patterns and trends in drug consumption

Drug Information System (DIS)PharmacistCommunity.
194,769 views
58,438 downloads

Contributors:

 Aasim Kazi
,
 Shilpa Takawane
,
 Madhuri Verma
,
 Shraddha Shimpi
,
 Vishakha More
,
 Bharti Rayate
Research PaperID: AJPTR55004

A Review on Analytical Methods for Estimation of Tramadol Hydrochloride

Lydia J. Paramel, Snehalatha Boddu, Vanita Panda

Tramadol Hydrochloride is an opioid pain medication which is used to treat moderate to moderately severe pain. Various analytical methods used for the estimation of Tramadol hydrochloride has been reviewed in this paper. These include Ultraviolet spectrophotometry, Visible spectrometry, Spectrofluorimetry, High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography, Gas Chromatography- mass spectrometry, Cyclic Voltammetry, Liquid Chromatography-Electronspray ionization-mass spectrometry, Gas Chromatography, Liquid Chromatography- mass spectrometry, and Capillary Electrophoresis to determine the amount of Tramadol Hydrochloride in bulk drug, pharmaceutical dosage form and biological fluids. Stability indicating methods for Tramadol Hydrochloride are also described. These analytical methods can be used for qualitative and quantitative estimation of Tramadol Hydrochloride in bulk, formulation and biological fluids.

Tramadol Hydrochloridebulk drugdosage formbiological fluidsanalytical methodsestimation.
195,048 views
58,612 downloads

Contributors:

 Lydia J. Paramel
,
 Snehalatha Boddu
,
 Vanita Panda
Research PaperID: AJPTR55005

Gastro retentive Drug Delivery System: An Overview

Shashikant Sudarshan Upadhye, Bharateshwar Kallappa Kothali, Aishwarya Kumar Apte, Archana Abhaykumar Patil, Avinash Babaso Danole

The oral route of drug delivery is most preferred route of drug delivery due to its various advantages like patient compliance, ease of administration. But it has some drawbacks like non site specificity. To overcome this drawback gastroretentive drug delivery system is used. To understand various physiological difficulties to achieve gastric retention, we have summarized important factors controlling gastric retention. This review also includes different approaches for Gastroretentive drug delivery system i.e. floating drug dosage systems, swelling or expanding systems, high density system, mucoadhesive systems, Magnetic systems, raft forming system, evaluation tests, advantages, disadvantages, future prospects, different marketed preparations.

Gastroretentive drug delivery systemFloating DDSgastric retention.
194,949 views
58,625 downloads

Contributors:

 Shashikant Sudarshan Upadhye
,
 Bharateshwar Kallappa Kothali
,
 Aishwarya Kumar Apte
,
 Archana Abhaykumar Patil
,
 Avinash Babaso Danole
Research PaperID: AJPTR55006

Prevention of SARTAAN (Cancer) and its Management in Unani System of Medicine: a Review

Mohd Saqlain, Aliya Parveen, Ferasat Ali, Arshi Riaz, Abdal Ahmad

The Unani system of medicine provides not only proper diet but also single herbal drugs (Unani Advia Mufridah) which helps in boosting immunity. This paper is aimed to calculate and analyse the data of single herbal drugs which are effective in curing cancer weather it is caused by genetic factors or other environmental factors. This can make a huge difference in fighting cancer. Some foods increase the risk of cancer, while others support the body and strengthen the immune system. By choosing proper diet one can protect his health, feel better, and boost his ability to fight off cancer and other diseases. Ancient physicians provide us with the right choice of diet which has a powerful effect on health and reduces the risk of cancer. Unknowingly we are consuming such kind of food that is triggering the risk of cancer and neglecting the food which carry the nutrients and which helps in the protection from the deadly disease. For example, a daily serving of Ghiza-e-kaseef qaleel-ul taghzia raddi-ul-kaimoos (e.g. red or processed meat) increases the risk of colorectal cancer by 21 percent, while eating Ghiza-e-lateef qaleel ultaghzia jayyad-ul-kaimoos (Fruits and vegetables) can lower risk of a variety of common cancers. By making small changes in diet and lifestyle one can lower the risk of various diseases and can even stop cancer in its track because fruits and vegetables are the best source of antioxidants. Beside these, there are several kinds of Advia mufridah which contains many phytochemicals with medicinal properties.

Ghiza-e-kaseef qaleel-ul taghzia raddi-ul-kaimoosGhiza-e-lateef qaleel ultaghzia jayyad-ul-kaimoosAdvia mufridah.
195,459 views
58,630 downloads

Contributors:

 Mohd Saqlain
,
 Aliya Parveen
,
 Ferasat Ali
,
 Arshi Riaz
,
 Abdal Ahmad
Research PaperID: AJPTR55007

Nanoparticles: An Overview

BK. Kothali, AK. Apte, AA. Kulkarni, VS. Khot, AA. Patil

From the last few decades, there has been a considerable research interest in the area of drug delivery using particulate delivery systems as the carriers for smaller and larger molecules. The particulate systems like nanoparticles have been used as a physical approach to alter and improve the properties of various types of drug molecules like pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic. The nanoparticles are defined as particulate dispersions or solid particles with the size in the range between 10-1000nm. The drugs are dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated or attached to the nanoparticle matrix. Nanoparticles, nanospheres or nanocapsules can be obtained which depends upon the method of preparation, This review article covers the different methods of preparation of Nanoparticles, different types of Nanoparticles, their evaluation and applications of Nanoparticles

Nanoparticlesparticulate delivery systemssolid particles.
195,330 views
58,703 downloads

Contributors:

 BK. Kothali
,
 AK. Apte
,
 AA. Kulkarni
,
 VS. Khot
,
 AA. Patil
Research PaperID: AJPTR55008

Review on Gastroretentive Drug Delivery System

Pooja Kashid, Priyanka Thorat, Pankaj Chothe, Rajendra Doijad

Among the different routes of drug administration the oral route is most successful and popular. Dosage forms with a prolonged gastric residence and controlled drug delivery are called as Gastroretentive Drug Delivery System. Thus, these dosage forms significantly extend the period of time over which the drugs may be released in comparison to other Controlled Release Drug Delivery System. Different objectives that are to be achieved during development of gastro retentive drug delivery system are as it should increase bioavailability of drug, increase residence time of dosage form in stomach, achieve greater patient compliance by reducing frequency of dosing, better safety profile, achieve the improved economy of dosage form.This review covers major aspects of stomach anatomy and physiology, factors, rational, objectives, approaches, evaluation of gastroretentive drug delivery system.

GastroretentiveBioavailabilityStomachResidence time.
195,316 views
58,754 downloads

Contributors:

 Pooja Kashid
,
 Priyanka Thorat
,
 Pankaj Chothe
,
 Rajendra Doijad
Research PaperID: AJPTR55009

A Review on Sida Spinosa Linn.

Navaneetha Somasundaram, Vadivu Rajendran, Radha Ramalingam

The plant Sida spinosa Linn belongs to the family Malvaceae, which is a popular Ayurvedic remedy for the treatment of various disorders mainly in the treatment of healing of wounds. Sida spinosa Linn., is one of the important species of this genus which is found through out the tropical and subtropical region of both hemispheres of India and Srilanka. It is also known as “Nagabaala” in Hindi and Sanskrit. The plant name Bala is coined on the name of ‘Parvati’ (Goddess of strength and beauty).It is abundantly found throughout the hotter parts of India from North West India to Ceylon and Tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres. The root, bark, leaves of this plant are traditionally used for the treatment of leucorrhoea, respiratory disorders, healing of wounds, tonic, diaphoretic, asthma, chest ailments and also in diarrhoea and dysentery. The plant was found to contain phytoconstituents like alkaloids, glycosides, phytosterols, tannins, flavanoids, lignins and saponins. The plant is rich in alkaloids and various phytochemical constituents like glyceryl-1-eicosanoate and 20-hydroxy, 24-hydroxymethylecdysone, Apigenin and Kaempferol has been isolated from this plant. This plant showed antipyretic & antimicrobial, anti diabetic, antioxidant and diuretic activity. This review summarizes the list of phytochemical compounds isolated and pharmacological activities over the past few decades.

Sida spinosa Linn.Pharmacognostical reviewPhytochemical compoundsPharmacological activities.
195,759 views
58,791 downloads

Contributors:

 Navaneetha Somasundaram
,
 Vadivu Rajendran
,
 Radha Ramalingam
Research PaperID: AJPTR55010

Target Organ Toxicity by Nanoparticles – A Short Review

Mohammad Aamir Bhat, Chandresh Varshneya, Rajendra Damu Patil, Pallavi Bhardwaj1 and Dinesh Sharma

Nanotechnology is the term given to those areas of science and engineering where the phenomena take place at nano-scale dimensions. Nanotechnology deals with particles sized between 1 to 100 nanometers in at least one dimension and it involves developing or modifying materials or devices within that size. Nanoparticles have different physical, chemical, electrical and optical properties than those that occur in bulk samples of the same material. All aspects of life will benefit from the revolution in nanotechnology. Engineered nanoparticles are increasingly produced for use in a wide range of industrial and consumer products. Hundreds of tons of nanoparticles already enter in the environment annually, but still very little is known of their interactions with biological systems. The challenge for toxicologists is to identify key factors that can be used to predict the toxicity, permit targeted screening, safe and sustained development and use of nanoparticles. In order to gain a sustained development, new technology always needs a good balance between benefit and risk. The aim of this paper is to summarize the target organ toxicity of nanoparticles in different biological systems.

NanotechnologyNano-scaleNanoparticlesNano-meter and Engineered nanoparticles.
195,846 views
58,771 downloads

Contributors:

 Mohammad Aamir Bhat
,
 Chandresh Varshneya
,
 Rajendra Damu Patil
,
 Pallavi Bhardwaj1 and Dinesh Sharma
Research PaperID: AJPTR55011

Development and Validation of Stability Indicating UV-VIS Spectrophotometric Method for Estimation of Acyclovir in Bulk Drug and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form

Arun Kumar Teotia, Suvarna S.Vanjari, Rajendra B. Patil, K. R. Khandelwal

The simple, accurate, precise, sensitive, specific and cost- effective UV-VIS Spectrophotometric method was developed for the estimation of acyclovir in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form, used as an antiviral drug. The absorption maxima of the drug were found to be 252.6nm. in 0.1N H2SO4solvent. The method was validated as per the ICH Guidelines. A linear response was observed in the range of 2-10µg/ml with a regression coefficient of 0.999. The developed method was precise; the % RSD was found to be less than 2%. The LOD & LOQ were found to be 2.3 and 7.0µg/ml respectively. The standard drug was subjected to acidic, alkaline, oxidative, thermal & photolytic stress degradation conditions. The samples so generated were used for degradation studies using the stability indicating UV-Visible Spectrophotometric method. This method was used for the determination of Acyclovir in tablet and cream formulation without interferences of the excipients, this indicated specificity of method.

Acyclovirstress degradation conditionsUV-VIS SpectrophotometerICH guidelines- validation.
195,694 views
58,742 downloads

Contributors:

 Arun Kumar Teotia
,
 Suvarna S.Vanjari
,
 Rajendra B. Patil
,
 K. R. Khandelwal
Research PaperID: AJPTR55012

Isolation, Screening and Characterization of Marine Actinomycetes for Novel Bioactive Compounds

Mantripragada Visalakshi, Veerendra Kumar Bapatla

The present study deals with the isolation, screening and characterization of the actinomycetes from the marine sediments, which were collected from different locations of Bay of Bengal. Selective media and the pre-treatment strategies enhanced the isolation and screening of novel marine actinomycetes. A total of 8 marine samples were collected. The pre-heat treatment method and a combination of 4 enrichment media were found to be effective in selectively isolating marine actinomycetes. The top six potent isolates were subjected to detailed morphological, cultural, biochemical and physiological characterization. A total of 63 isolates were isolated. The antimicrobial activity was studied for all the 63 isolates. The preliminary study of 63 isolates for antimicrobial activity by cross streak method indicated that 42 isolates had antagonistic properties. All these 42 isolates were subjected to submerged fermentation studies. It was observed that 12 isolates exhibited antibacterial activity, 6 isolates showed antifungal activity whereas 6 isolates exhibited both antibacterial and antifungal activities. The present study was an attempt to use different methods to screen, select and isolate marine actinomycetes from the sediments of Bay of Bengal with intrinsic antimicrobial activity against a variety of microbial pathogens.

Marine actinomycetesAntimicrobial activityBioactive compounds.
196,093 views
58,738 downloads

Contributors:

 Mantripragada Visalakshi
,
 Veerendra Kumar Bapatla
Research PaperID: AJPTR55013

Formulation and In-Vitro Evaluation of Sustained Release Tablets Using Natural Polymers

Bhagyashree Tulashidas Chothe, Prashant Suresh Devmore, Maya Desai, Pravin S. Waghchoure

The current work deals with the formulation and development of sustained release tablets of Aceclofenac using natural polymers. Anacardium Occidentale (Cashew) gum and xanthan gum were used as a sustained release polymers. Literature survey has revealed that Anacardium Occidentale (Cashew) gum has been used as a pharmaceutical excipient, namely: as a binding agent in tablet formulations, emulsifying agent in emulsions, suspending agent in suspensions and mucoadhesive in mucoadhesive tablet. In this present study we tried to explore its drug release control properties. Aceclofenac drug was used as model drug and xanthan gum was used alone and in combination with cashew gum. Collected cashew gum was purified and checked for its purity by determination of microbial load. Different formulations were set by taking different concentrations of cashew gum, xanthan gum and combinations of both the gums. Tablets were prepared using wet (non-aqueous) granulation method. The flow properties of the granules were evaluated (angle of repose, bulk density, taped density, Car’s index, Hausner’s ratio) and the physical properties of the compressed tablets, namely dimensions, uniformity of weight, hardness, friability and dissolution rate were determined. All results obtained from these tests were found to be within permissible limit. The granules had good flow properties as evidenced by their Hausner’s ratio and Carr’s index values. From the overall result obtained and drug release profile we can conclude that cashew gum can be used as sustained release polymer in sustained release tablet.

AceclofenacAnacardium Occidentalesustained release.
196,282 views
58,850 downloads

Contributors:

 Bhagyashree Tulashidas Chothe
,
 Prashant Suresh Devmore
,
 Maya Desai
,
 Pravin S. Waghchoure
Research PaperID: AJPTR55014

Preparation, Characterization and Surface Modification of Nevirapine Nanoparticles

Bhagyashree R. Dalvi, Rupesh U. Shelke, Ejaz A. Siddiqui, Asad S. Syed, Mariam S. Degani, Padma V. Devarajan

HIV/AIDS is an intracellular infection of the macrophages and play an important role in dissemination of the infection across the body. Nevirapine although remains a drug of choice for the treatment; the life threatening hepatotoxicity limits its clinical application. Present study reports preparation, characterization and surface modification of nevirapine nanoparticles. The anti-HIV potential of gold nanoparticles prompted us to prepare nevirapine loaded gold nanoparticles using a biodegradable in house polymer polyethylene sebacate. Core shell nevirapine nanoparticles comprising gold in the core and nevirapine loaded polyethylene sebacate as shell (average particle size ~ 250nm) were successfully prepared using double emulsion solvent evaporation method followed by surface modification with macrophage mannose receptor targeting ligand Concanavalin A by simple incubation. Concanavalin A was selected as a targeting ligand as the molecular docking studies of Concanavalin A with excipients suggested possible interactions. Concanavalin A anchoring was confirmed by spectrofluoremetrically, FTIR and zeta potential analysis. UV analysis of nevirapine nanoparticles revealed shell formation and NVP loading. SEM-EDAX analysis indicated presence of Au in the spherical nanoparticles while TEM confirmed formation of core shell nanoparticles with smooth surface. DSC and XRD analysis demonstrated amorphization of NVP in nanoparticles. Residual solvent analysis complied ICH standards. Nanoparticles with and without CON exhibited sustained release till 24 h in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 and good stability for 1 year as per ICH guidelines.

HIV/AIDSmacrophagesnevirapinegold nanoparticlesconcanavalin Aspectrofluoremetry.
196,224 views
58,831 downloads

Contributors:

 Bhagyashree R. Dalvi
,
 Rupesh U. Shelke
,
 Ejaz A. Siddiqui
,
 Asad S. Syed
,
 Mariam S. Degani
,
 Padma V. Devarajan
Research PaperID: AJPTR55015

Investigation of Mercury Content in Cosmetic Products by Using Direct Mercury Analyzer

Dhia Eldin.Elhag, Heba Omer Osman, Ali Aboel Dahab

Mercury is a toxic metal and can cause serious health effects including kidney damage, anxiety depression and peripheral neuropathy. Beside the traditional sources of mercury such as industry mining, new sources of mercury exposure came to existence through cosmetics such as soaps, skin and whitening creams. In this study, eight samples of different brands of skin whitening creams were analyzed by Direct Mercury Analyzer (DMA) for the determination of mercury content. Quantification of mercury levels in these products was achieved by using external standard calibration curve method. The mercury levels in the studied skin whitening creams ranged from 0.00 ppm to maximum of 3.373ppm. The results showed that skin whitening creams have mercury level at detectable levels and is enough to cause adverse health effects. The study concluded that the Direct Mercury Analyzer (DMA) instrument proved to be an excellent tool for screening mercury in skin creams. This technique offers the advantages of simplicity, rapidity, low detection limit, accuracy and precision and no sample preparation.

Direct Mercury Analyzer (DMA)MercuryToxicity.
196,564 views
58,955 downloads

Contributors:

 Dhia Eldin.Elhag
,
 Heba Omer Osman
,
 Ali Aboel Dahab
Research PaperID: AJPTR55016

Incidence, Associated Factors and Pharmacoeconomic Impact of Adverse Drug Reactions at a South Indian Tertiary Care Hospital: Need for a Continuous Monitoring System

Neethu Fathima Umar, C.S. Shastry, Raghav Sharma

The aim of the study was to analyze the incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) at a tertiary care hospital and assess the functioning of the reporting system. The outcome of the study would provide information regarding associated factors and pharmacoeconomic impact of the ADRs. The causality assessment was determined by WHO UMC probability scale and Naranjo’s algorithm. Outcomes of ADR, management and the pharmacoeconomic impact was assessed. Overall incidence of ADRs among the patients was 4.5%. A total of 61 ADRs were detected from 54 patients. As per the WHO UMC scale 44.3% of the ADRs were possible and as per the Naranjo’s scale 53.1% of the ADRs were possible. Majority of the reactions were moderate in severity (47.6%). Most of the ADRs (73.8%) were predictable reactions and 39.3% were probably preventable. Multiple drug therapy (27.77%) was the most common associated factor. Withdrawal of the offending drug was the main line of management.  Symptomatic treatment was required in majority of cases. The total direct cost involved in treatment of ADRs was INR 1, 10,284 (US$ 1730.22) at a rate of INR 2042.29 US$ 32.08 per patient. The direct cost per patient involved in ADR related hospital admissions (INR 2689 i.e US$ 42.30) was higher than ADR during hospitalization (INR 1769.60 i.e US $ 27.83).The ADRs were not recognized and recorded in majority of the cases. Patients on multiple drug therapy are more vulnerable to ADRs. The incidence and alarming pharmacoeconomic impact of the ADRs suggest that there is a need for a continuous monitoring system at tertiary care hospitals.

Adverse drug reactionsCausalityPreventabilityManagementtreatment.
196,438 views
58,974 downloads

Contributors:

 Neethu Fathima Umar
,
 C.S. Shastry
,
 Raghav Sharma
Research PaperID: AJPTR55017

Antibacterial Effect of Successive Extracts of Leaves of Spinacia oleracea Linn

Sakthi Priyadarsini S, Kumar PR, Thirumal M, Joseph Blessing A, Prabhu P, Vyshnavi P

The present study was undertaken with a view to evaluate the successive extracts of leaves of Spinacia oleracea Linn., for its antibacterial activity against various strains of gram positive and gram negative bacteria.  The shade dried, powdered, defatted plant material was subjected to successive soxhlet extraction with Ethyl acetate and Ethanol. The plant powder and the extracts were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening which revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenols, sugars, lipids, alkaloids, steroids. The in vitro antibacterial assay of successive extracts revealed variable degrees of antibacterial activity against different microorganisms. The ethylacetate extract showed effective inhibition against Aeromonas and Salmonella species whereas ethanolic extract showed relatively higher inhibitory potency against Bacillus subtilis. Both the ethylacetate and ethanolic extracts were found to be ineffective against Staphylococcus aureus.

Spinachsuccessive extractsantibacterial.
196,397 views
59,067 downloads

Contributors:

 Sakthi Priyadarsini S
,
 Kumar PR
,
 Thirumal M
,
 Joseph Blessing A
,
 Prabhu P
,
 Vyshnavi P
Research PaperID: AJPTR55018

Formulation and Evaluation of Fucidin Topical Gel Containing Wound Healing Modifiers

MD Mazher Ahmed, Mohammed Asadullah Jahangir, MA Saleem, Imran Kazmi, P. Durga Bhavani, Abdul Muheem

Fucidin, a topical antibacterial agent indicated in the treatment of bacterial infections. It works by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis, specifically by preventing the translocation of the elongation factor G (EF-G) from the ribosome. The aim of the present study was to prepare topical gel by using gel forming polymers along with chitosan and to study the effect of the concentration of polymers, effect of alone Fucidin, combined effect of Aloe Vera with vitamin C on different gel parameters and wound healing activity. The gel formulations were prepared by soaking method using Carbopol 934p as gelling agent/gel base. IR spectroscopy studies suggested that the formulations prepared is a physical mixture and the drug is compatible with other excipients. The prepared gel formulations were evaluated for drug content, pH and rheological parameters like viscosity, spreadability and extrudability. The percentage release of Fucidin from plain gel was slow as compared to other drug loaded gel formulations. The formulation (F8) showed maximum percentage release (99.56%). All the gel formulations showed more than 80% reduction in wound contraction. The gel formulation containing Fucidin along with 1% chitosan and 1% sodium alginate showed 99.4% reduction in wound area after 12 days.

FucidinVitamin-CSodium AlginateAloe VeraChitosanWound healing.
196,675 views
58,967 downloads

Contributors:

 MD Mazher Ahmed
,
 Mohammed Asadullah Jahangir
,
 MA Saleem
,
 Imran Kazmi
,
 P. Durga Bhavani
,
 Abdul Muheem
Research PaperID: AJPTR55019

Antimicrobial Study of Whole Extract, Isolated Ingredient, and Newly Synthesized Analogues from Cassine glauca Plant

M. O. Malpani, P. R. Rajput

Life co-existed with disease, decay and death. The study of disease and their treatment is related with the human intellect. Illness has been the man’s heritage from the beginning of his existence and the search for remedies to combat the diseases is perhaps equally old. Melghat region is a rich source of medicinal flora. Cassineglauca is one of the medicinally potential plants found in Melghat region which is frequently used for the eradication of skin diseases1. The present investigation was undertaken to screen the efficacy of Cassineglauca whole extract, isolated acidic ingredient and its newly synthesized analogues on certain bacteria which are responsible for skin diseases such as Streptococcus pyogenes, Nocardia calcarea, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudo monasaeruginosa. In comparison among the impact of test compounds; it was revealed that, the Cassine glauca isolated acidic ingredient and its newly synthesized analogues showed significant activity than the whole extract.

CassineglaucaMelghatAntimicrobial Study
196,773 views
59,052 downloads

Contributors:

 M. O. Malpani
,
 P. R. Rajput
Research PaperID: AJPTR55020

Simultaneous RP-HPLC Method Development and Validation for Lamivudine and Raltegravir in Bulk API Dosage Forms

Honeesha Nandimandalam, D. Gowri Sankar

An accurate, precise and reproducible RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of Lamivudine and Raltegravir in the bulk API dosage form has been developed and validated. Chromatographic separation was carried out on Agilent C18 (100×4.6mm, 3.5u particle size) column using mobile phase composed of phosphate buffer (PH3.0): acetonitrile (ACN) in ratio 60:40 at a flow rate of 0.8ml/min. The analyte was monitored using DAD detector at 231nm. The retention times were found to be 1.12 and 4.08 for Lamivudine and Raltegravir respectively. The linearity for each were found in the range 10-60µg/ml and their regression values are 0.998 and 0.999 respectively. The developed method was validated as per ICH guidelines.

LamivudineRaltegravirRP-HPLC.
196,773 views
59,157 downloads

Contributors:

 Honeesha Nandimandalam
,
 D. Gowri Sankar
Research PaperID: AJPTR55021

Cardiovascular Diseases and its Prevention in Unani System of Medicine

Aliya Parveen, Mohammad Saqlain, Zarnigar

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the world’s largest killer claiming 17.3 million lives a year. Over 80% of the world's deaths from CVDs occur in low and middle income countries. India contributes to this as 306.3 deaths per one lac of population.1 It not only affects the individual but also affects the economic output of a country due to the inabilities and disabilities caused by it. Risk factor modifications are the best approach till date to combat with this world’s leading death causing problem. As Hippocrates stated “Take care of your health before you lose it”.2 Thus, following the tadabeer(regimens) mentioned by Unani physicians, one can be saved from being affected by the gross complications of CVDs. This article tried to highlight all the possible preventive & therapeutic approaches of Unani medicine that could be valuable for the management & control of CVDs as well as could be a source of further researches.

Akhlate ghaleezaAkhlate luzujaHazme saaniSue mijazOxidative stress.
196,962 views
59,078 downloads

Contributors:

 Aliya Parveen
,
 Mohammad Saqlain
,
 Zarnigar
Research PaperID: AJPTR55022

Evaluation of Rationality of Drug Promotional Literature in Malaysia Using Local and International Guidelines

Ameeta Patil, S B Kale

The study was designed to assess drug promotional literature for rationality, accuracy and validity of the information provided, using World Health Organization (WHO) and PhAMA guidelines for ethical promotion of pharmaceutical products. The promotional brochures were evaluated for the essential drug information, nature of claims, pictures used and for the cited references. This observational, cross-sectional study was conducted in the tertiary care hospitals, private clinics and pharmacies in Klang Valley, Malaysia. The promotional literature were collected and evaluated in accordance with WHO and PhAMA guidelines for rationality, accuracy and validity. The data was collated and analyzed using descriptive statistics. A total of 301 promotional brochures were analyzed. Only few (19%) of the promotional literature fulfilled all the criteria as mentioned by the guidelines. In the analyzed promotional literature, multiple claims were commonly used. Eighty four percent of the brochures claimed about the efficacy of product, and a 38% about the safety. The most common missing information was on drug regimen (51%), safety (48%) and active ingredient (36%). The prescription behavior of the healthcare providers is largely influenced by promotional materials provided by the drug companies. Our observations suggest that few aspects of the information provided by the pharmaceutical companies in the promotional literature were not in accordance of the local and international guidelines on drug promotion. There is a perceived need for interventions to improve on the same.

Drug promotional literature/ brochureWHO guidelinesPhAMA guidelines.
197,046 views
59,144 downloads

Contributors:

 Ameeta Patil
,
 S B Kale
Research PaperID: AJPTR55023

Formulation and Evaluation of Sustained Release Matrix Tablet of Ondansetron Hydrochloride

Santosh Girani, Mayudin shumra, Vishwanath Arakeri, Manjunath halkeri, Mahantesh kavatekar, Ajay Shahpur

In the present study, an attempt was made to prepare and evaluate matrix tablets of Ondansetron HCl using HPMC, EC and Eudragit for Sustained release of Ondansetron HCl. The matrix tablets were prepared by wet granulation method. All the formulations are evaluated for the Hardness, Friability, Weight variation, Drug Content, In-Vitro Drug Release. The weight variation and drug contents of all the tablets were found to be uniform with the low SD values. The FTIR study indicated that the drug is stable in the formulations. The prepared matrix tablets were capable of releasing the drug for 12 hours depending upon the formulation variables. The tablets prepared with HPMC and Eudragit combination have shown higher drug release Drug release mechanism followed non-Fickian transport from both the polymers matrices. The drug released from the formulation is depends on the concentration of the polymers.

Sustained ReleaseMatrix tabletOndansetron HClHPMC K-100ECEudragit.
197,288 views
59,155 downloads

Contributors:

 Santosh Girani
,
 Mayudin shumra
,
 Vishwanath Arakeri
,
 Manjunath halkeri
,
 Mahantesh kavatekar
,
 Ajay Shahpur
Research PaperID: AJPTR55024

Formulation and In Vitro Evaluation of PLGA Nanoparticles of Temozolomide

Gajanan Mehare, Sengodan Tamizharasi, T. Sivakumar, Snehal Sawarkar

In this study, we formulated and investigated the effects of Temozolomide (TM)/Poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles on the behaviour of C6 glioma cells. The nanoparticles were fabricated by the emulsifying solvent evaporation, and they were characterized by using X-Ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that such nanoparticles had a smooth surface and a spherical geometry. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicated that TM trapped in the nanoparticles existed in an amorphous or disordered-crystalline status in the polymer matrix. The release profiles of Temozolomide from nanoparticles resulted in biphasic patterns. After an initial burst, a continuous drug release was observed for up to 1 month. Finally, a cytotoxicity test was performed using Glioma C6 cancer cells to investigate the cytotoxicity of Temozolomide delivered from PLGA nanoparticles. It has been found that the cytotoxicity of Temozolomide to Glioma C6 cancer cells is enhanced when TM is delivered from PLGA polymeric carrier and while Temozolomide powder shows activity only up to 12 hours, where as Temozolomide loaded PLGA nanoparticles shows cytotoxicity in much more enhanced way.

Temozolomide (TM)Poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)Emulsifying-solvent evaporationNanoparticlesCytotoxicity.
197,226 views
59,292 downloads

Contributors:

 Gajanan Mehare
,
 Sengodan Tamizharasi
,
 T. Sivakumar
,
 Snehal Sawarkar
Research PaperID: AJPTR55025

Molecular Docking Study, Synthesis and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Novel Triazines

Shilpa Vijayaraghavan, Supriya Mahajan

Triazine derivatives were reported to show a wide range of biological activities. Hence, it was planned to perform docking studies, synthesize and screen these designed compounds for their in vivo anti-inflammatory activity. In order to study the interaction of ligands with the binding site of the enzyme, the triazine derivatives were docked on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme using the drug design software Maestro 9.5, Schrodinger, USA. The series of 8 compounds showing good Glide score (G-score) was synthesized to form 4-anilinoquinoline triazines. The structures of the compounds were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR and mass spectroscopy and the compounds were screened for anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenan- induced rat hind paw edema method, using Diclofenac as the standard. The G-scores of all the 8 compounds were closer to the scores displayed by the standard drugs, celecoxib and SC-558, there by suggesting that all the compounds interacted very well with the COX-2 enzyme. The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity results revealed that all the compounds displayed % inhibition of edema more than 90, which was better than that shown by the standard drug, Diclofenac. Amongst all the compounds, 3b demonstrated the highest G-score as well as the highest anti-inflammatory activity. Hence, this compound may be explored as a potential lead molecule for further development.

COX-24-anilinoquinolinestriazinesdockingGlidecarrageenan- induced rathind paw edema.
197,545 views
59,285 downloads

Contributors:

 Shilpa Vijayaraghavan
,
 Supriya Mahajan
Research PaperID: AJPTR55026

Development and Validation of RP-LC Method for Curcumin in Pharmaceutical Formulations

K. Geetha Bhavani, K. Soujanya, N.Srinivasu, D. Ramachandran

A new, simple, rapid, selective, precise and accurate isocratic reverse phase high performance liquid Chromatography assay method has been developed for estimation of Curcumin in tablet formulations. The separation was achieved by using column Hypersil BDS C18, 150x4.6 mm, 5µ (Make: Thermo), in mobile phase consisted of tetrahydrofuran and citric acid buffer in the ratio of (550:450, v/v). The flow rate was 1.0 mL.min-1 and the separated curcumin was detected using UV detector at the wavelength of 425 nm. The retention time of curcumin, was noted to be 8.05 min respectively, indicative of rather shorter analysis time. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines. The proposed method was found to be accurate, reproducible, and consistent.

Liquid ChromatographyCurcuminValidation
197,575 views
59,349 downloads

Contributors:

 K. Geetha Bhavani
,
 K. Soujanya
,
 N.Srinivasu
,
 D. Ramachandran
Research PaperID: AJPTR55027

Prevalence of aac(3’)-IIa and aac(6’)-Ib Genes Incidence Involved in Aminoglycoside Resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Clinical Samples in Urmia Hospitals, Iran

Lida Lotfollahi, Nasser Samadi, Hasan Hosainzadegan, Mostafa Akbari Qomi

Extensive use of antimicrobials such as aminoglycosides has been associated with increasing antimicrobial resistance. The aim of present study was to investigate prevalence of aminoglycoside resistance and frequency of resistance genes aac(3)-IIa and aac(6’)-Ib involved in resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae to aminoglycosides. 212 clinical strains of K. pneumoniae isolated from Urmia hospitals collected from May 2013 to January 2014 were assessed in the study. The Kirby-Bauer method was used for screening of resistant isolates to Gentamicin, Amikacin, Kanamycin, Tobramycin and Netilmicin. The aac(6’)-Ib and aac(3)-IIa genes were amplified by PCR method. Among 212 K. pneumoniae isolates evaluated, the most resistance rate observed against Gentamicin (26.9%). In total, 85 (40.1%) were resistant at least for one of aminoglycosides used. Among bacteria with resistance or intermediate susceptibility to aminoglycoside, 62(72/9%) and 63(74/1%) of isolates had acc(3)-IIa and aac(6’)-Ib genes respectively. Our study showed that aminoglycoside resistance rate in klebsiella isolated from hospitals in northwest of Iran (Urmia) is relatively high and acetyl transferase modifying enzymes have the major role in resistance.

Klebsiella pneumoniaeaminoglycosideresistance gene.
197,762 views
59,307 downloads

Contributors:

 Lida Lotfollahi
,
 Nasser Samadi
,
 Hasan Hosainzadegan
,
 Mostafa Akbari Qomi
Research PaperID: AJPTR55028

Development and Validation of Novel UV-Spectrophotometric Method for the Estimation of Flurbiprofen and Glipizide Using Hydrotropic Solubilization Technique in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form

Srujani Ch, Tanuja A, Varanasi S N Murthy

Effective and advantageous Hydrotropic Solubilization technique has been developed for the estimation of two drugs i.e, Flurbiprofen and Glipizide in bulk and its pharmaceutical formulations. Hydrotropic Solubilization technique is one of the aqueous solubility enhancing methods employed for the poorly water soluble drugs and found to be simple, precise and cost effective. Solvents like Piperazine, Urea, Sodium Salicylate, Sodium benzoate etc are the commonly used as hydrotropic solventsin different concentrations. The use of these hydrotropic solvents are of proper choice since the use of organic solvents can be reduced as it is hazardous, costlier and causes environmental pollution. In this context, 1M piperazine has been used as a solubilizing agent to enhance solubility of both the drugs, Flurbiprofen and Glipizide. The absorption maximum of Flurbiprofen and Glipizide was found to be at 246nm and276nm in Zero order derivative spectrum (Method A), calculation of Area Under Curve (AUC)(Method B) was done in the wavelength range of 236-256nm for Flurbiprofen and 266-286nm for Glipizide. The Beer-Lambert’s law has been followed in the concentration range of 2-10µg/ml for Flurbiprofen and 5-35µg/ml for Glipizide for both the methods. The methods were validated as per ICH guidelines and all the validation parameters were found to be within the acceptable range. The developed methods were successfully practiced to estimate the amount of Flurbiprofen and Glipizide in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms in routine analysis.

FlurbiprofenGlipizidePiperazineValidationZero order derivative spectroscopyArea under Curve.
198,006 views
59,491 downloads

Contributors:

 Srujani Ch
,
 Tanuja A
,
 Varanasi S N Murthy
Research PaperID: AJPTR55029

A Stability-Indicating HPLC-PDA Method for Simultaneous Determination of Paracetamol, Caffeine, Ibuprofen and their Degradation Products in Solid Dosage Forms

Khandker Mohammad Khalid, Ruhul Kayesh, Md.Hadiul Islam, Asma Rahman, Md Rafiqul Islam

Purpose of this study was to develop a stability-indicating RP-HPLC method for routine analysis of Paracetamol (PARA), Caffeine (CAF) and Ibuprofen (IBU) in their combined solid dosage forms. The new RP-HPLC method was validated as per ICH, FDA and USP guidelines with respect to accuracy, precision, specificity, linearity, solution stability, robustness, sensitivity and system suitability. The method was developed by using a binary gradient mode of phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1.3mL/min for 15 minutes over C-18 (ODS, 150 x 4.6 mm, 5µm) column at ambient temperature. Injection volume was 20µL for both standard and sample solutions and the eluents were monitored with UV detection at 230nm.Accuracy was determined by the recovery tests of the drugs and found to be within a range of 99.89% to 100.33%. Intraday and inter-day precisions were demonstrated by a relative standard deviation being far less than maximum allowable limit (2.0%, according to FDA). The method showed linear response with a correlation coefficient (r2) value of 0.999 for all three drugs. Forced degradation studies in acidic, basic, oxidation and reduction media were carried out to establish the stability indicating tolerance of this method. Specificity was shown by the separation of drugs with high degree of resolution between them and absence of any interference from the excipients or degradation products. This method was successfully applied to assay the drugs in tablets and capsules. Hence this newly developed method can be considered suitable and reliable for the routine analysis of PARA, CAF and IBU in their solid dosage forms.

ParacetamolCaffeineIbuprofenRP-HPLCSimultaneous quantification.
198,129 views
59,479 downloads

Contributors:

 Khandker Mohammad Khalid
,
 Ruhul Kayesh
,
 Md.Hadiul Islam
,
 Asma Rahman
,
 Md Rafiqul Islam
Research PaperID: AJPTR55030

Preliminary Studies on the Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Alcoholic Extract of Hibiscus Cannabinus Linn Seed

S R Chaudhari, V R Patil, T A Deshmukh, J O Bhangale

The analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of Hibiscus cannabinus, a popular herb used for the management of pain and inflammation causing disorders was investigated in rats and mice. Significant antinociceptive was observed at higher dose of extract in writhing, tail immersion and hot plate animal models and anti-inflammatory activity was observed in carrageenan, serotonin and histamine induced paw edema in rats. The extract exhibit significant decreased paw edema in anti-inflammatory models. These results therefore indicate that Hibiscus cannabinus seed contains biologically active principles, which have potentials for the treatment of inflammatory processes.

Hibiscus cannabinusAnti-inflammatoryAnalgesic.
198,061 views
59,494 downloads

Contributors:

 S R Chaudhari
,
 V R Patil
,
 T A Deshmukh
,
 J O Bhangale
Research PaperID: AJPTR55031

Simultaneous Estimation of Clarithromycin, Pantoprazole and Metronidazole in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Formulations by RP-HPLC Method

P.Satyanarayana, K.L.N.N.S.V.K.Pavankumar, A.Srinivasa Rao, G. Subrahmanya Sastry

A simple, precise, accurate and reproducible RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of clarithromycin, pantoprazole and Metronidazole in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. Separation of clarithromycin, pantoprazole and Metronidazole was successfully achieved on a YMC Pack Pro C18 (250 mm x 4.6mm x 5µ) in an isocratic mode utilizing sodium dihydrogen phosphate buffer and methanol (65:35 v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines for linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, precision, specificity and robustness. The response was found to be linear in the drug concentration range of 31-93.75 mg/mL for clarithromycin and 5-15 mg/mL for pantoprazole and 50-150 mg/mL for Metronidazole. The correlation coefficient was found to be 0.999 for both the drugs. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.228, 0.0309 and 0.743 for clarithromycin, pantoprazole and Metronidazole respectively. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.758, 0.1030 and 2.475 for clarithromycin, pantoprazole and Metronidazole respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of six replicates is less than 2%. This HPLC method is applied successfully to the simultaneous quantitative analysis of clarithromycin, pantoprazole and Metronidazole in commercial tablets.

RP-HPLCclarithromycinpantoprazole and Metronidazolepharmaceutical formulationanalysis.
198,487 views
59,602 downloads

Contributors:

 P.Satyanarayana
,
 K.L.N.N.S.V.K.Pavankumar
,
 A.Srinivasa Rao
,
 G. Subrahmanya Sastry
Research PaperID: AJPTR55032

Removal of Phorbol Ester from Jatropha Curcas Seed Cake Reduces Toxicity in Rats Blood Plasma Studied through Various Parameters

Amit Kumar Sharma, Shivani Srivastava, Akhoury Sudhir Kumar Sinha, Yamini Bhushan Tripathi

Jatropha curcas in spite of having many medicinal effects is not used usually as medicine because of the presence of toxic components like phorbol ester. In this study, we have compared many chemical and biochemical parameters between plant extract (MEMJC) Methanolic extract of mechanical cake of Jatropha curcas seeds and without the presence of phorbol ester (MEHJCAT). Alkali treated mechanical cake of Jatropha curcas seeds .The phorbol ester was removed by alkali treatment. Phytochemical analyses were done to determine composition. The survival study was evaluated using Kaplan Meier Chart. SOD activity was assayed by the method of McCord and Fridovich and Catalase activity was assayed by Aebi’s method. Urea, Creatinine, triglyceride level in plasma was measured using their respective kits. The removal of phorbol ester through alkali treatment makes the MEHJCAT less toxic or less vulnerable to generate free radical in rats. Through oral fat tolerance test, we have found that MAHJCAT reduces the absorption of triglyceride in blood. The results of renal function test also favored MEMJC as more toxic then MEHJCAT. Also from kaplen meier survival curve, it has been found that both drugs MEMJC and MEHJCAT have no mortality significance proved by the measurement of LD50. So, we have concluded that MEHJCAT as better medicinal plant product through the study of all biochemical parameters.

Jatropha curcas seed cakeOral fat tolerance testHyperglycemicPhytochemicals.
198,503 views
59,589 downloads

Contributors:

 Amit Kumar Sharma
,
 Shivani Srivastava
,
 Akhoury Sudhir Kumar Sinha
,
 Yamini Bhushan Tripathi
Research PaperID: AJPTR55033

Simultaneous Estimation of Mefenamic Acid, Ethamsylate and Tranexamic Acid in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Formulations by RP-HPLC Method

A Srinivasa Rao, K.L.N.N.S.V.K.Pavankumar, P.Satyanarayana, G. Subrahmanya Sastry

A simple, new, precise, accurate and reproducible RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of mefenamic acid, ethamsylate and tranexamic acid in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. Separation of mefenamic acid, ethamsylate and tranexamic acid was successfully achieved on a Kromasil C8 (250 mm x 4.6mm x 5µ ) in an isocratic mode utilizing Ammonium acetate buffer and methanol (60:40 v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines for linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, precision, specificity and robustness. The response was found to be linear in the drug concentration range of 25-75 mg/mL for mefenamic acid ,25-75 mg/mL for ethamsylate 50-150 mg/mL for tranexamic acid. The correlation coefficient was found to be 0.9997 for both the drugs. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.158,0.2183 and 0.321 for  mefenamic acid, ethamsylate and tranexamic acid respectively. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.527,0.7278 and 1.071 for mefenamic acid, ethamsylate and tranexamic acid respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of six replicates is less than 2%. This HPLC method is applied successfully to the simultaneous quantitative analysis of mefenamic acid, ethamsylate and tranexamic acid in commercial tablets.

RP-HPLCmefenamic acidethamsylate and tranexamic acidpharmaceutical formulationanalysis
198,578 views
59,523 downloads

Contributors:

 A Srinivasa Rao
,
 K.L.N.N.S.V.K.Pavankumar
,
 P.Satyanarayana
,
 G. Subrahmanya Sastry
Research PaperID: AJPTR55034

Eradication of Hydrocarbon which Disrupts the World Economy through Fungi

Merlyn Stephen, A Panneerselvam

Oil spills are considered as one of the critical problems which cause a decline in environmental health. Currently the biological solutions have become more familiar to remove hazardous substances from the environment. Oil spillage is the accidental discharge or pouring of crude oil into the environment which involves the contamination of the environment with liquid hydrocarbons. These spills endanger public health, drinking water and natural resources and disrupt the economy. Negative socio-economic impacts include decreased tourism and the closure of recreational, fishing and shellfish areas. Boats and fishing gear may be damaged and human health can also be affected through direct contact or inhalation of the oil or by eating contaminated seafood. The objective of the Oil Spills Protocol is to strengthen national and regional preparedness and response capacity to oil spills. The Protocol also serves to foster and facilitate co-operation and mutual assistance among the nations and territories in cases of emergency in order to prevent and control major oil spill incidents. Crude Oil Production in India increased to 774 BBL/D/1K in October of 2014 from 757 BBL/D/1K in September of 2014. Crude Oil Production in India is reported by the U.S. Energy Information Administration. Soil samples were collected from petrol bunks and automobile workshops at Thanjavur and used for the isolation of fungi. The isolated fungus was identified as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Mucor, and Trichoderma Species using lacto phenol cotton blue staining method and cultural characteristics. The growth of fungal diversity was higher due to more carbon concentration in the hydrocarbon polluted sites and the dominant species present in all stations are Aspergillus and penicillium Species. The study focuses its attention on the survey of fungi from the zone of hydrocarbon polluted area and their potential ability to bring about degradation of hydrocarbons.

Soilpollutionhydrocarbonbiodegradationfungi.
198,553 views
59,718 downloads

Contributors:

 Merlyn Stephen
,
 A Panneerselvam
Research PaperID: AJPTR55035

Formulation and Process Optimization of Quetiapine Fumarate Nanosuspension using Factorial Design

Lakshmi Prasanna Gubbala, Srinivas Arutla, Vobalaboina Venkateshwarlu

In the present study, the optimization of composition and process for preparation of the nanosuspension of quetiapine fumarate (QF) was carried out by using design of experiments (DOE). Quetiapine fumarate (QF) is atypical antipsychotic drug under BCS class II. Due to its poor aqueous solubility, the oral bioavailability is only 9 %. High pressure homogenization (HPH) was used as technique for preparing the nanosuspension. For optimization of the composition and process of QF nanosuspension, the three square (32) factorial design was used. For the composition optimization, concentration of the Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and for process optimization homogenization time, homogenization pressure were used as independent variables. The dependent variables were particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP). The relationship between the dependent and independent variables was further elucidated by response surface plots and contour plots. From the analysis of the data it has been observed that 5.25 % PVP, 0.75 % SLS were optimum concentrations and 750 bar pressure, 90 minutes of homogenization were optimum process conditions. The optimized nano composition prepared using optimized process conditions for preparing QF nanosuspension observed to release more than 80 % within 30 minutes and found to be stable after 3 months of storage at room temperature The solid state characterization (XRD,DSC) data of spray dried nanoparticles of the optimized composition has shown loss of drug crystallinity. IR has shown drug is compatible with the excipients used. SEM photograph of the spray dried nanoparticles of optimized composition has shown spherical drug nanoparticles. The optimization of the composition and homogenizing process by applying the DOE resulted in considerable decrease in the experimentation work to achieve the stable nanosuspension with desired parameters such as PS, PDI and ZP.

Quetiapine Fumaratenanosuspensionparticle sizefactorial design.
198,696 views
59,717 downloads

Contributors:

 Lakshmi Prasanna Gubbala
,
 Srinivas Arutla
,
 Vobalaboina Venkateshwarlu
Research PaperID: AJPTR55036

Formulation and Evaluation of Ketoconazole Nanoemulsion Gel for Topical Delivery

Ravi Shankar, Vishnu Tiwari, Chandra Prakash Mishra, Chandra Kala Singh, Dharampal Sharma, Sandhya Jaiswal

The aim of present investigation was to develop nanoemulsion gel of ketoconazole for topical delivery and comparison with the marketed preparation. Ketoconazole, BCS class II antifungal agent with broad spectrum activity is a poorly soluble and highly permeable drug. Due to its poor solubility, it is incompletely absorbed after oral dosing and bioavailability varies. The drug efficacy of topical formulation can be limited by instability due to its poor solubility in the vehicle and low permeability. Therefore, to overcome these shortcomings of conventional system nanoemulsion have been used as drug carrier in topical treatment of fungal infection, especially in dermatology. Pseudo-ternary phase diagram was constructed on triplot software to identify nanoemulsion area using different concentrations of oil, Smix (surfactant and co- surfactant) and water. 2% Carbopol 980 as gelling agent and 0.5% DMSO as permeation enhancer was used in topical gel formulation. The formulations was characterized on the basis of pH, drug content, viscosity and in-vitro diffusion study. The optimized formulation was found to have pH 7.4 and drug content 98.90%. In-vitro diffusion study of nanoemulsion gel showed 80.375% release within 8 hrs. Drug release of ketoconazole nanoemulsion gel when compared with marketed formulation showed 80.375% release within 8 hrs as compare to 52.125% for marketed preparation (Ketoconazole cream 2%, H&H Pharmaceutical). So, it is concluded that by incorporating ketoconazole nanoemulsion in topical gel provided sustained release along with improved solubility and permeability.

Topical DeliveryPermeabilityPermeation EnhancerIn-vitroDiffusion Study.
198,879 views
59,732 downloads

Contributors:

 Ravi Shankar
,
 Vishnu Tiwari
,
 Chandra Prakash Mishra
,
 Chandra Kala Singh
,
 Dharampal Sharma
,
 Sandhya Jaiswal
Research PaperID: AJPTR55037

Formulation and Evaluation of Cefpodoxime Proxetil Fast Dissolving Film

Chandra Kala Singh, Vishnu Tiwari, Chandra Prakash Mishra, Ravi Shankar, Dharampal Sharma, Sandhya Jaiswal

The purpose of this research work was to formulate fast dissolving film of cefpodoxime proxetil for oral delivery in order to improve oral bioavailability of drug with poor solubility. Cefpodoxime proxetil (CP) is the drug candidate belonging to BCS class IV with poor solubility and poor permeability is and limited oral bioavailability, an orally administered, extended spectrum, semi-synthetic β- lactum antibiotic of cephalosporin class. To improve oral bioavailability, cefpodoxime proxetil nanosuspension was prepared using solvent-antisolvent precipitation technique. Nanosuspension was characterized on the basis of drug concentration in organic phase, temperature, solvent-antisolvent ratio and the time period of stirring on the particle size systematically. Particle size and zeta potential of nanosuspension was observed at 755.6nm and −22.6mV, respectively. Solvent casting method be used in the formation of film, utilizing HPMC E50 as film former, PEG 400 as plasticizer and tween 80 as surfactant. The optimized fast dissolving film formulation F1 showed uniformity of weight (0.091mg), folding endurance (149) drug content uniformity (99.5%), surface pH (6.8) disintegration time (32 seconds in 6.8 PB) and in- vitro drug release 94.2% in 7 min. So, it is concluded from comparison studies between fast dissolving film (FDF) containing pure drug and nanosuspension, fast dissolving film containing cefpodoxime proxetil nanosuspension gives faster and high drug release.

NanosuspensionBioavailabilitySolubilityFast Dissolving Film.
198,959 views
59,704 downloads

Contributors:

 Chandra Kala Singh
,
 Vishnu Tiwari
,
 Chandra Prakash Mishra
,
 Ravi Shankar
,
 Dharampal Sharma
,
 Sandhya Jaiswal
Research PaperID: AJPTR55038

Formulation and Evaluation of Mucoadhesive Microspheres for Nasal Drug Delivery

Shweta S. Gedam, K. K. Tapar

Terbutaline sulphate loaded microspheres were prepared for Nasal administration with the aim of avoiding first pass effect. The microspheres were prepared by a water-in-oil (w/o) emulsification-cross-linking technique by using chitosan as a mucoadhesive polymer, liquid paraffin (heavy and light, ratio 1:1) as a external phase, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (0.2% w/v) as a stabilizer, volume of cross-linking agent (Glutaraldehyde, 25% solution, 1 mL) and time of cross linking 2 hrs. A 23 full factorial design was constructed to study the effect of three independent variables i.e. drug: polymer ratio (X1), volume of cross linking agent (ml) (X2), cross linking time (Hrs)(X3) while Particle size of the microspheres (Y1) and In vitro mucoadhesion (Y2) were taken as response parameters as the dependent variables. Particle size was found to be 26.11 ± 1.98 mm, which is favorable for intranasal absorption. The shape and surface characteristics were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) which depicted the spherical nature and nearly smooth surfaces of the microspheres. The percentage encapsulation efficiency was found to be 74.4 ± 0.604%. In vitro mucoadhesion was performed using sheep nasal mucosa and was observed 72.32 ± 0.25%. FTIR Spectroscopy indicates characteristic peaks of the functional groups present in the drug, Differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction results indicated a molecular level dispersion of Terbutaline sulphate in the microspheres. In vitro release studies in pH 6.2 phosphate buffer indicated the mechanism of drug release was of zero order.

Terbutalinesulphatemucoadhesive microspheresemulsification-cross-linking techniqueChitosanfactorial design.
199,253 views
59,761 downloads

Contributors:

 Shweta S. Gedam
,
 K. K. Tapar
Research PaperID: AJPTR55039

Formulation and Evaluation of Naproxen Sodium pulsatile Tablets for Chrono modulated Drug Delivery

Indira Kilari, Baby Sravani Guduru, Ramana Gangireddy

The objective of present investigation was to prepare a chrono-modulated drug delivery system for Naproxen sodium to meet chrono pharmacological needs of Arthritis. Press coated tablets is a novel oral pulsatile release drug delivery system in which  the drug is released after certain period of lag time generally due to the erosion of barrier layers. Tablets were prepared by direct compression method. The core tablet was formulated using super-disintegrants like sodium starch glycolate, crosspovidone and crosscarmellose sodium. Whereas, the barrier layer contains polymers like carrageenan gum (Viscarin GP-209), xanthan gum in different concentrations and lactose anhydrous as channeling agent for maintaining lag time. The drug-excipient compatibility was confirmed by using FTIR, predicted that there was no chemical interactions between the drug and excipients. The tablets prepared were evaluated for micromeritic properties. In-vitro drug release studies were carried out using pH 1.2 buffer for initial 2hrs and in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer for remaining 10hrs. All the formulations followed first order release kinetics. From the obtained results it was found that the F9 formulation of immediate release core tablets (10% of Crosspovidone) showed optimized in vitro disintegration time and wetting time respectively. In case of press-coated tablets PCT 8 formulation with hydrophilic polymers 19.2% carrageenan gum, 19.2% xanthan gum and 7.69% lactose anhydrous as channeling agent has shown 6hrs of lag time is considered as optimum formulation and is successful in resisting different RPM pressures for designing into pulsatile delivery for treatment of Arthritis.

Naproxen SodiumPulsatile drug delivery systemlag timepress coated tablets.
199,096 views
59,869 downloads

Contributors:

 Indira Kilari
,
 Baby Sravani Guduru
,
 Ramana Gangireddy
Research PaperID: AJPTR55040

Development and Evaluation of Hydrophobic Carriers Based Sustained Release Diltiazem Hydrochloride Formulations by Various Techniques and Its Comparison

Sarada A, Janaki Devi S, Pratyusha P V, Lohithasu D

The aim of present work is to study the release of diltiazem hydrochloride from tablets with ethyl cellulose (EC), eudragit RSPO and kollidon SR in different drug-to-polymer ratios were investigated with a view to develop twice-daily sustained release dosage form by polymeric dispersion (PD) technique. The polymeric dispersions containing ehtyl cellulose, eudragit RSPO or kollidon SR at drug-polymer ratios of 1:0.5, 1:1, 1:1.5, 1:2, with diltiazem hydrochloride were developed using solvent evaporation technique and co precipitation technique. The physical mixtures of drug and polymers were prepared by using simple mixing technique at the same ratio. The study of FTIR could not show significant interaction between diltiazem HCl and ethyl cellulose or kollidon SR or eudragit RSPO. Prepared tablets were evaluated for the release of diltiazem Hydrochloride over a period of 12 h in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer using US Pharmacopoeia type II dissolution apparatus. The in vitro drug release study revealed that the tablets prepared by dispersion technique have extended the release rate for 12 h whereas the tablets prepared by physical mixing technique at the same concentration have extended the release rate only up to 8 h. The in vitro release profile and the mathematical models indicate that release of diltiazem Hydrochloride can be effectively controlled from a tablet containing polymeric dispersion of eudragit RSPO.

Diltiazem HclEthyl celluloseKollidon SREudragit RSPOFTIR studies.
199,212 views
59,794 downloads

Contributors:

 Sarada A
,
 Janaki Devi S
,
 Pratyusha P V
,
 Lohithasu D
Research PaperID: AJPTR55041

A Novel Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Nebivolol Hydrochloride in Tablets Dosage Form With 1,2-Naphthoquinone-4-Sulphonate as a Chromogenic Reagent

Nabil AF Alhemiary

Simple, sensitive and specific spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for quantification of nebivolol (NBV) in tablet dosage form. Studies were carried out to investigate the reaction between NBV and 1, 2-naphthoquinone-4-sulphonate (NQS) reagent. In alkaline medium (pH 9), a red-colored product exhibiting maximum absorption peak (λmax) at 521 nm was produced. The stoichiometry of the reaction was investigated and the reaction mechanism was postulated. Under the optimized reaction conditions, Beer's law correlating the absorbance with NBV concentration was obeyed in the range of 2 - 55μg/ml with good correlation coefficient 0.9996. The molar absorptivity was 0.124 × 104l/mol.cm. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.539 and 1.634μg/ml, respectively. The precision of the method was satisfactory; the values of relative standard deviations did not exceed 2%. No interference was observed from the excipients that are present in the tablets. The proposed method was applied successfully for the determination of NBV in its pharmaceutical tablets with good accuracy and precisions. The results were compared favorably with those of a reference pre-validated method. The method is practical and valuable in terms of its routine application in quality control laboratories.

Nebivolol HCl12-Naphthoquinone-4-sulphonateSpectrophotometryPharmaceutical analysis.
199,648 views
59,828 downloads

Contributors:

 Nabil AF Alhemiary
Research PaperID: AJPTR55042

In Vitro Enzyme Inhibition and Thin Layer Chromatography Profiling of Leaf Extract of Phyllanthus Emblica Linn against Type-Ii Diabetes

Jayashree Dutta, Sharmistha Saikia, Mohan Chandra Kalita

Phyllanthus emblica Linn commonly known as Indian gooseberry is one of the most important plants used in Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha. In the present study, the leaf methanol extract of P. emblica was studied against the carbohydrate metabolizing enzyme alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase. P. emblica leaf methanol extract showed a moderate α – amylase inhibitory activity (IC50 – 155. 10 ± 0.91µg/ml) and significantly high (P

Post prandial hyperglycemia&#945- amylase&#945- glucosidaseflavonoids+1 more
199,885 views
59,879 downloads

Contributors:

 Jayashree Dutta
,
 Sharmistha Saikia
,
 Mohan Chandra Kalita
Research PaperID: AJPTR55043

Formulation and In-vitro Evaluation of Floating Tablets for Spray Dried Extract of Curcuma Longa, Piper Nigrum and Berberis Aristata

Patel Ritu D, Patel Rakesh K

Consumption of non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) infection are responsible factors for induction of peptic ulcer. Extract of Curcuma longa, Piper nigrum and Berberis aristata is reported to be useful in stomach ailments and has been shown to possess antiulcer activity. Since, treatment for peptic ulceration includes a consumption of multiple herbs displays synergistic impacts compare to single herb against ulcer.  The objective of this project work was defined with a view to retain the extracts of mention herbal drugs in stomach for better antiulcer activity. Hence, aim of the present work was to design and develop a floating tablet of spray dried extract of Curcuma longa, Piper nigrum and Berberis aristata for the treatment of peptic ulceration. The floating tablets were formulated using hydrophilic polymers as Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC K4M and HPMC E15), Sodium CMC and Sodium bicarbonate as a gas generating agent to reduce floating lag time. The formulated tablets were evaluated for the quality control tests such as weight variation, hardness, friability, swelling index, floating lag time, and total floating time. The in vitro release study of the tablets was performed in 0.1N HCl as a dissolution media. The results of the present study clearly indicate the HPMC K4M and HPMC E15 (Batch F-11) in appropriate concentration shown sustained release floating tablets. Such system can remain buoyant for 8 hours along with the sustained drug release for the same duration.

Spray dried extractCurcuma longaPiper nigrumBerberis aristataFloating tablet.
199,671 views
59,991 downloads

Contributors:

 Patel Ritu D
,
 Patel Rakesh K
Research PaperID: AJPTR55044

Simultaneous UV Spectrophotometric Method for Estimation of Albendazole and Levamisole Hydrochloride in Tablet Dosage Form

Deepali Arun Jadhav, Snehalatha Boddu, Sarika K. Kadam, Vedang Kinjwadekar

A simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of albendazole and levamisole hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage forms has been developed. The absorption maxima were found at 295nm for albendazole and 213 nm for levamisole hydrochloride using ammonium dihydrogen phosphate: methanol as solvent. Beer's law was obeyed for both the drugs in the concentration range of 5-25 for albendazole with correlation coefficient 0.998 and 2-10 for levamisole hydrochloride with correlation coefficient 0.997. The limits of detection for albendazole and levamisole hydrochloride were found to be 0.305µg/mL and 0.732µg/mL respectively and the limits of quantitation were 0.924µg/mL and 2.2µg/mL respectively. Accuracy of the method verified by performing recovery using simultaneous equation method and found to be 98 to 99.5%w/w for albendazole and 97.97 to 99.55 %w/w for levamisole hydrochloride. %RSD of repeatability and intermediate precision studies were found to be

SimultaneousSpectrophotometryalbendazolelevamisole hydrochlorideBeer’s law.
199,926 views
59,978 downloads

Contributors:

 Deepali Arun Jadhav
,
 Snehalatha Boddu
,
 Sarika K. Kadam
,
 Vedang Kinjwadekar
Research PaperID: AJPTR55045

Diuretic and Hepatoprotective Activity of Aqueous-Alcoholic Combined Extract of Acacia Sinuata Pods and Bark

Satyanarayana Dammavalam

The current study deals with the investigation of diuretic and hepato protective activity of aqueous alcoholic extract of Acacia Sinuata bark and pods. The method and procedure for diuretic activity is followed by Lipschitz et al. and the method for hepato protective activity is followed by syed mansoor ahamed et al. The present indicates regarding the chemical constituents present in the Acacia Sinuata pods and the bark extract. The preliminary phyto-chemical investigation showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, glycosides, tannins and phenolic compounds in an aqueous alcoholic extract. The result obtained from the diuretic activity indicates the increased urine output and the increased quantities of sodium, potassium and calcium levels in collected urine. The result obtained from the hepato-protective activity indicates that the dose of 500mg/kg possessed significant hepatoprotective activity. It shows that saponins, glycosides, present in this extract may be possibly responsible for the pharmacological action.

Aqueous alcoholic extractsaponinsglycosidesdiuretictannins.
199,878 views
59,942 downloads

Contributors:

 Satyanarayana Dammavalam
Research PaperID: AJPTR55046

Synthesis, Molecular Properties Prediction and Biological Evaluation of Benzothiazole Trithiocarbamate Derivatives

Akula Naga Venkata Sunitha, Seeta Sharada, Gambiraopet Alekya, Oleti Navneetha, Sandala Anuradha Bai, Tangeda Saritha Jyostna

In the present investigation, a series of novel benzothiazole trithiocarbamates have been synthesized. It deals with the design and calculation of Molecular Properties, Drug likeness, Lipophilicity and solubility parameters using Molinspiration, Molsoft softwares. Toxicity parameters were calculated using Osiris software. All the compounds are non-toxic, fulfill the solubility requirements and passing oral bioavailiability criteria. The compounds were synthesized and characterized by IR, 1HNMR, Mass spectral analysis followed by antimicrobial screening. Most of the synthesised compounds (4a-4g) were found to be on conformity with Lipinski’s “Rule of Five” and other parameters, for their onward screening for antimicrobial activity as oral active drugs.

BenzothiazoleTrithiocarbamatesMolinspirationMolsoftOsirisAntimicrobial activities
199,909 views
60,035 downloads

Contributors:

 Akula Naga Venkata Sunitha
,
 Seeta Sharada
,
 Gambiraopet Alekya
,
 Oleti Navneetha
,
 Sandala Anuradha Bai
,
 Tangeda Saritha Jyostna

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