Antiangiogenic Activity of Boswellia Serrata Extract

Amit Balkrishna Page; Kala Suhas Kulkarni; VB Krishna; Naira Nayeem; K. Sujatha; C. Palavan; J.V.L.N. Seshagiri Rao; Padma V. Devarajan; Vishvesh M. Joshi; Rajasekaran Aiyalu; Rambabu Cherukuri; Dharuman Joghee; Somashekhar M; Mahesh AR; Bharath Srinivasan; Raksha Srinivas; Deveswaran Rajamanickam; Basavaraj Basappa Veerbadraiah; Madhavan Varadharajan; VS.  Saravanan; V.Krishnaraju; B. Prakash Rao; Beny Baby; Y. Vishnuvardhan Reddy; S. Rajarajan; K. Deepthi; K. Ramesh; Sunil Kumar Padhy; Debashrita Sahoo; Debadatta Acharya; Jharna Mallick; Sradhanjali Patra; Velsamy Govindasamy; Balasundaram Athmanathan; George John; Manoharan Natesan; Ganesan Sankaran; Naveenkumar Sethuraman; Shilpa P Chaudhari; Sadhana Kolhe; A.A. Ranpise; M.P.Ratnaparkhi; Sundara Raj Behin; Isaac Samraj Punitha; Shabna; Shanthi; Preejesh Prabhakaran; Jaidev Kundaria; C. Palavan; LA Ramaprasad; P Srinivasu; JVLN Seshagiri Rao; Upendra C Galgatte; Pravin D Chaudhari; B.V. Ramana; K.Sujatha; G.Nagarajan; T.E.G.K.Murthy; B. Radhika; N. Murthy; Bhuvaneshwari  Shanmugham; Suresh V. Dange; Pratibha S. Worlikar; Madhukant H. Nandgavli 3 Vijay L. Bhavari; Shraddha Anand Halarnkar; Ramchandra Vishnu Keny; Swathimutyam Pallerla; Bala Prabhakar

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August 2013 Issue 4

Volume 3, Issue 4 - $2013

Issue Details:

Volume 3 Issue 4

Published:Invalid Date

Editorial: August 2013 Issue 4

Welcome to the 2013 issue of American Journal of PharmTech Research. This issue showcases the remarkable breadth and depth of contemporary research across multiple disciplines. From cutting-edge applications of machine learning in climate science to the revolutionary potential of quantum computing in drug discovery, our featured articles demonstrate the power of interdisciplinary collaboration in addressing global challenges.

We are particularly excited to present research that bridges traditional academic boundaries, reflecting our journal's commitment to fostering innovation through cross-disciplinary dialogue. The integration of artificial intelligence with environmental science, the application of blockchain technology to supply chain management, and the convergence of urban planning with smart city technologies exemplify the transformative potential of collaborative research.

As we continue to navigate an era of rapid technological advancement and global challenges, the research presented in this issue offers both insights and solutions that will shape our future. We thank our authors, reviewers, and editorial board members for their continued dedication to advancing knowledge and promoting scientific excellence.

Dr Hemangi J Patel
Editor-in-Chief
American Journal of PharmTech Research

Articles in This Issue

Showing 70 of 70 articles

Research PaperID: AJPTR34001

Schiff Bases as CNS Active Agents: A Review

Nikhil Batra, Shikha Batra, Navneet Aggarwal, Badri Prakash Nagori

Schiff bases represent an important class of organic compounds owing to their wide range of biological activities and industrial applications. They are characterized by the presence of azomethine group and formed by the condensation of primary amines with aldehydes or ketones. They also serve as a back bone for the synthesis of various heterocyclic compounds. Since last few decades, a variety of Schiff bases and their derivatives have been synthesized and reported to possess a wide variety of biological activities i.e. anticancer, antioxidant, antiglycation, antimicrobial, antimalarial, antiviral and CNS activities. This review highlights the synthetic strategies of novel Schiff bases of different heterocycles and their evaluation for different CNS activities.

Schiff basesazomethinesiminesCNS activityanticonvulsant

94,273 views

28,246 downloads

Contributors:

Nikhil Batra

Shikha Batra

Navneet Aggarwal

Badri Prakash Nagori

Research PaperID: AJPTR34002

Therapeutic significance of abutilon indicum: An overview

Milind Kashinath Patel, Ambarsing Pratapsingh Rajput

Abutilon indicum is known as “Atibala” in Sanskrit. Literally “Ati” means very and “Bala” means powerful, referring to the properties of this plant as very powerful. Abutilon indicum is a hairy herb or under shrub distributed throughout the tropica. In traditional systems of medicine, various plant parts such as roots, leaves, flowers, bark, seeds, and stems have been used as antioxidant, demulcent, laxative, diuretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antiulcer agents. The leaves are reported to be used by traditional practitioners in cases of inflammatory joint disorders as folklore remedy. Psychosomatic medicinal use related to scorpion bite treatment is also reported in India. Plants are rich source of secondary metabolites with interesting biological activities. In general these secondary metabolites are an important source with a variety of structural arrangements and properties. It contributes the beneficial effect on health or plays an active role in interest in bioactive secondary metabolites of plant amelioration of disease. The medicinal properties of the plants have been investigated in the recent scientific developments throughout the world, due to their potential antioxidant activity, no side effects and economic viability. Antioxidant property of the plant is mainly due to the presence of phenolic compounds. The importance of medicinal plants and the contribution of phytomedicine to the well- being of a significant number of the world’s population have attracted interest from a variety of disciplines. The present review is therefore an effort to give the detailed survey of literature on its Pharamacognosy, phytochemistry as well as traditional and pharmacological uses.

Abutilon indicumAtibalaIndian mallowPharamacognosyPhytochemistryPharmacology.

94,332 views

28,254 downloads

Contributors:

Milind Kashinath Patel

Ambarsing Pratapsingh Rajput

Research PaperID: AJPTR34003

A Review on Handling of Laboratory Animals

Harshal Patil, Roshan Patil, H. P. Suryawanshi, S. P. Pawar

The aim of the present study was the handling of laboratory animals ,there sources ,routs of administrations Laboratory animals form the life-line of biomedical research and play a very vital role in the drug development programmes. There is an ever-growing need for better laboratory animal facilities for biomedical research, production of antisera, vaccines and novel drugs, especially to combat the dreadful AIDS and other diseases. The need to maintain the animals under standard animal husbandry conditions, to handle them gently and humanely, and limit unnecessary usage by strictly enforcing ethical considerations demands utmost attention. The present review includes information about housing and environmental condition, feeding techniques, safety handling for animals, routes of administration of drugs, guidelines of animal ethical committee, sources of animals, disposal of animals and also experimentation. Key words: Biomedical Research, Dreadful, AIDS, Antisera, Vaccines.

Biomedical ResearchDreadfulAIDSAntiseraVaccines

94,386 views

28,312 downloads

Contributors:

Harshal Patil

Roshan Patil

H. P. Suryawanshi

S. P. Pawar

Research PaperID: AJPTR34004

A Review on Fast Dissolving Drug Delivery Systems- A Pioneering Drug delivery Technology

T.K.Prathiba, K.Kavitha, Selvi Arun Kumar, Rupesh Kumar, Jagdeesh Singh

Recently fast dissolving drug delivery system gaining popularity and acceptance in novel drug delivery system. It has shown more patient compliance because of easy administration, easy to swallow, economical and palatable taste. Paediatrics, geriatrics, motion sickness, mentally disable and bedridden patients are more benefited by such kind of delivery system it also enhances the bioavailability of drug. The aim of this article is to review the progress in methods of manufacturing, evaluation and various latest technologies involved in the development of Fast dissolving tablets which will be helpful to young researchers. Fast dissolving tablets are prepared by the addition of various super disintegrates with drug and various additives. As the conventional tablet needed water for swallowing but fast dissolving tablets are immediately dissolves in mouth with help of saliva within few seconds without need of water, so patient can take anywhere at any time this is one of the best advantage of this type of delivery system. Rather than this that kind of tablets are easy to manufacture and evaluate with offering uniform dosing.

Fast Dissolving TabletMouth Dissolving TabletDCLODT Technology.

94,501 views

28,272 downloads

Contributors:

T.K.Prathiba

K.Kavitha

Selvi Arun Kumar

Rupesh Kumar

Jagdeesh Singh

Research PaperID: AJPTR34005

Process Parameters and Composition of Film coating: A Review

Sandesh M Pawar, Shankar N Chavan, Madhavi N Satam, Manisha D Bhuruk

Tablet coating is perhaps one of the oldest pharmaceutical processes still in existence. The sugar-coating process was a skilled manipulative operation and could last for even five days. The operator must be highly skilled for such coating. In the last 25 years tablet coating has undergone several fundamental changes. Many modifications were advocated to improve the basic process and film coating chosen in place of sugar coating. Coating solution composition may affect the quality of final coated tablets. Some coating process parameters are affect the final quality of coated tablets so it is necessary to optimize the coating process parameters for particular equipment and particular film former. Optimization of composition of film coating solution is also required.

Film coatingoral dosage formOptimizationCoating Process parametersCoating composition.

94,461 views

28,447 downloads

Contributors:

Sandesh M Pawar

Shankar N Chavan

Madhavi N Satam

Manisha D Bhuruk

Research PaperID: AJPTR34006

A Review on Analytical Methods for Estimation of Quetiapine Fumarate, an Antipsychotic Drug.

Daksha D. Parmar, Atmaram P. Tambe, Vinayak J. Dalvi, Vineeta V. Khanvilkar, Vilasrao J. Kadam

Quetiapine fumarate is a new generation atypical antipsychotic drug indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia and related psychoses. Various analytical methods used for the estimation of quetiapine has been reviewed in this paper. These include Ultraviolet spectrometry, High performance thin layer chromatography, High performance liquid chromatography, Potentiometry, Polarography, Ion titrimetry and Voltametry to determine the amount of quetiapine fumarate in bulk drugs, pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids. Stability indicating and impurity profiling methods for quetiapine are also described. These analytical methods can be used for qualitative and quantitative estimation of quetiapine and / or its related impurities or degradants in bulk, formulation and biological fluids.

Quetiapineanalytical methodsestimationformulationbiological fluids.

94,791 views

28,397 downloads

Contributors:

Daksha D. Parmar

Atmaram P. Tambe

Vinayak J. Dalvi

Vineeta V. Khanvilkar

Vilasrao J. Kadam

Research PaperID: AJPTR34007

Nanotechnology: A Therapeutic Approach

Jitendra Shakyawal, Yogesh Yaduwanshi, Gireesh Mehta, Mahaveer Kabra, Sanjay Singh Bhandari, Mahesh Kumar Gupta

Nanotechnology can be defined as the manipulation, precision-placement, modeling and manufacture of material at the nanometer scale. The purpose of this review is to discuss the impact of nanotechnology in the treatment of the major health threats including cancer, infectious diseases, metabolic diseases, autoimmune diseases, and inflammations. Indeed, during the past 37 years, the explosive growth of nanotechnology has burst into challenging innovations in pharmacology. Although the introduction of nanotechnology obviously permitted to step over numerous milestones toward the development of the magic bullet proposed a century ago by the immunologist Paul Ehrlich. Cancer cells have unique properties that can be exploited by nanoparticles. They can be used very effectively for drug delivery. Normally, drugs work through the entire body before they reach the disease-affected area. Using nanotechnology, the drug can be targeted to a precise location which would make the drug much more effective and reduce the chances of possible side-effects. A great advantage of using nanotechnology for drug delivery is that the amount and time of drug release can be easily controlled by predetermination of nanoparticle. Nanotechnology is still in its early stages. The applications discussed in this review have already been developed and are already helping patients all over the world. Keywords- Nanoparticle, Cancer, Alzheimer's disease, TDDS

NanoparticleCancerAlzheimer's diseaseTDDS

95,099 views

28,453 downloads

Contributors:

Jitendra Shakyawal

Yogesh Yaduwanshi

Gireesh Mehta

Mahaveer Kabra

Sanjay Singh Bhandari

Mahesh Kumar Gupta

Research PaperID: AJPTR34008

Immunomodulator: Conventional and Recent Trends

Yogesh Yaduwanshi, Jitendra Shakyawal, Mahaveer Kabra, Sanjay Singh

Immunomodulators are natural or synthetic substances that help in regulation or normalize or modify the immunity of an individual to favor a particular immunological response. Immunomodulator corrects immune systems that are out of balance. Natural immunomodulators are less potent than prescription immunomodulators. Synthetic immunomodulators medications, work by suppressing immune system and decreasing inflammation in the digestive tract in people with inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis etc. The benefits of immunomodulators are from their ability to stimulate natural and adaptive defense mechanisms, such as cytokines, which enables the body to help itself. Two types of immunomodulators: Immunosuppressants; agents which suppress immune system and used for the control of pathological immune response in autoimmune disease and Immunostimulants; agents which used to enhance body's resistance against infections. A large number of disorders such as immunodeficiency state, autoimmune disease, cancer and viral infection can be treated with immunostimulants drugs.

ImmunostimulantsImmunosuppressantsLevamisoleCyclosporine.

95,156 views

28,608 downloads

Contributors:

Yogesh Yaduwanshi

Jitendra Shakyawal

Mahaveer Kabra

Sanjay Singh

Research PaperID: AJPTR34009

Anticancer, Antiviral, Antidiabetic, Antifungal and Phytochemical Constituents of Medicinal Plants.

Sivananthan Manoharan, Jasmin Kaur

Since immemorial time, utilization of medicinal plants has been in practice by the practitioner to treat variety of ailments without knowing the active bio-compound which lead to the reduction or elimination of symptoms of the disease. Recent advancement in technologies became a turning point in health care setting where many medicinal plants which are gifted from the nature were being employed in research to synthesized variety of phytochemical compounds which were responsible for the various pharmacological properties of the plants. Few compounds which were plant derivative have been patented for the commercial use to treat illness. In this review, medicinal plants related to few pharmacological properties like anticancer, antiviral, antidiabetics, antifungal were reviewed and documented. Also the phytochemical constituents were reviewed and documented. This review proved few related pharmacological properties of the plants where these plants were employed in the folk medicine. Advancement in technologies and also research fundings provide the suitable platform for the researchers to conduct extensive research on the medicinal plants.

AnticancerAntiviralAntidiabeticAntiviralPhytochemical constituentsMedicinal plants.

94,954 views

28,550 downloads

Contributors:

Sivananthan Manoharan

Jasmin Kaur

Research PaperID: AJPTR34010

Micro Electro Mechanical Systems: An Innovative Approach To Drug Delivery

Neerukonda Vamsi, Shaik Irfan Pasha, Gogulamudi Benjamin Franklin, Donekena Vinod Kumar, Nagineni Sudharshan Rao

Over the past 30 years greater attention has been focused on development of sustained or controlled release drug delivery. MEMS has been identified as one of the most promising technologies for the 21st century and has the potential to revolutionalize both industrial and consumer products by combining silicon based microelectronics with micromachining technology. MEMS based drug delivery devices have become commercially feasible due to converging technologies and regulatory accommodation. These products have the potential to completely control drug release, meeting requirements for on-demand pulsatile or adjustable continuous administration for extended periods. MEMS technology involves integration of mechanical elements, sensors, actuators and electronic elements on common silicon substrate through microfabrication technology.

MicrochipsImplantable drug delivery systemControlled releaseMicrofabricationMEMS.

94,997 views

28,572 downloads

Contributors:

Neerukonda Vamsi

Shaik Irfan Pasha

Gogulamudi Benjamin Franklin

Donekena Vinod Kumar

Nagineni Sudharshan Rao

Research PaperID: AJPTR34011

Etanercept – A Review on its drug delivery

Varun Mali

Etanercept is a fusion protein, prescribed primarily for moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. It is being marketed under the brand name of Enbrel. The mechanism of action of this drug includes its ability to bind competitively to Tumor Necrosis Factor TNF alpha and thus prevents interactions with its cell surface receptors leading to inhibition of TNF alpha. Enbrel is available for subcutaneous administration in three dosage forms, a multiple use vial, a prefilled syringe and an auto-injector pen. The latter forms elicit better patient compatibility along with dose accuracy. Studies on other routes of administration of this Etanercept along with innovation in the drug delivery are discussed in the essay. A study discusses the feasibility of conjugating TNF antagonist pharmaceutical preparations with gold nanorods and preservation of the mechanism of action of anti-rheumatic drugs along with preliminary evaluation of novel PAT (Photoacoustic tomography) technology in imaging optical contrast agents conjugated with etanercept. Secondly an investigation of pharmacokinetics and safety of intravitreal delivery of etanercept is done. Lastly Epidural drug delivery of entanercept in treatment for lumbosacral radiculopathy is evaluated. Thus this second generation biopharmaceutical not only holds a promise for a wide range of therapeutics but also proves to be compatible with different approaches in drug delivery.

etanerceptenbrelbiopharmaceuticalTNF

95,460 views

28,624 downloads

Contributors:

Varun Mali

Research PaperID: AJPTR34012

Mucoadhesive Microspheres for Novel Drug Delivery System: A Review

Atul Kumar, Shubhendra Jha, Ravindra Rawal, P.S.Chauhan, Sheo Datta Maurya

There are various approaches for the delivery of therapeutic substance to the target site in a controlled release fashion. One such approach is using microspheres as carriers for drugs or active pharmaceutical compound. However, the success of this drug delivery system is limited due to their short residence time at the site of absorption. Mucoadhesive microspheres can be tailored to adhere to any mucosal tissue including those found in stomach, thus offering the possibilities of localized as well as systemic controlled release of drugs. This article presents the advantages of Mucoadhesive microsphere, mechanism, theories involved in mucoadhesion, factor that affect the mucoadhesion, polymer in Mucoadhesive drug delivery system, methodology of preparation of Mucoadhesive microsphere, method of evaluation and their applications in drug delivery. Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems promises several advantages that arise from localization at a given target site, prolonged residence time at the site of drug absorption and an intensified contact with the mucosa increasing the drug concentration gradient.

MicrosphereMucoadhesionBioadhesionBioavailability.

95,608 views

28,628 downloads

Contributors:

Atul Kumar

Shubhendra Jha

Ravindra Rawal

P.S.Chauhan

Sheo Datta Maurya

Research PaperID: AJPTR34013

Silvernano Particles: A Novel Approach for Therapeutic Applications of Silver.

Supriya S. Shidhaye, Ashwini G. Dhone, Chaitali V. Surve, Tejal S. Budhkar

Nano-size particles of less than 100 nm in diameter are currently attracting increasing attention for the wide range of new applications in various fields of industry. They exhibit properties different than from those of bulk materials, as a result of small particle dimension, high surface area, quantum confinement and other effects. Silver nanoparticles are nanoparticles of silver which are in the range of 1 and 100 nm in size. The major methods used for silver nanoparticle synthesis are the physical and chemical methods, but the synthesis is expensive and can also have toxic substances absorbed onto them. To overcome this, the biological method (biological systems involving bacteria, fungi etc.) provides a feasible alternative. The major applications of silver nanoparticles in the medical field include diagnostic applications and therapeutic applications. In most of the therapeutic applications, it is the antimicrobial property that is being majorly explored. Accordingly, this review presents different methods of preparation silver nanoparticles and application of these nanoparticles in different fields. This review also examines the role of silver nanoparticles in cancer therapy.

Nano-particlesanti-microbialcancer therapy.

95,507 views

28,650 downloads

Contributors:

Supriya S. Shidhaye

Ashwini G. Dhone

Chaitali V. Surve

Tejal S. Budhkar

Research PaperID: AJPTR34014

A Phyto-Pharmacological and Scientific report of Unnab (Zyziphus jujuba Mill)

Mehar Adiba, Mohammed Tabarak Hussain

Nature is a treasure of many medicinal plants. Some of them are been explored for their medicinal properties and many are yet to be explored. Few plant and plant products possessing nutritional values also possess medicinal values. Zizyphus jujuba Mill commonly known as Jujuba Fruit, Unnab, Ber etc is one of such plant origin drug which is used as edible fruit for its nutritional values and simultaneously as a herbal medicine, since it also possesses medicinal properties as mentioned in the Unani literature.

Zyziphus jujuba MillUnnabEdible fruitHerbal Medicine

95,496 views

28,713 downloads

Contributors:

Mehar Adiba

Mohammed Tabarak Hussain

Research PaperID: AJPTR34015

Nanosponges: Revolution in Nanotechnology

B. Tejeswara Rao, V. Saikishore, D. Gowtham Kumar, A. Prameela Rani

Nanosponges are the advancement in nano technology, which are the conspicuous answers for the various formulation challenges like low aqueous solubility, controlled release and targeted release. Nanosponges do not show the bursting release which is the main obstacle in the most of the nano particles formulations. Nanosponges are a novel class of nanoparticles with nanostructured hyper branched polymers and few nanometres wide cavities, in which a large variety of substances can be encapsulated. Nanosponges also have colloidal sizes with a mean diameter of less than 1 μm and narrow size distribution and form opalescent suspensions on dispersion in water. The formulation of nanosponges involves simple chemistry. Nanosponges could be a perfect solution for resolving the scalability issues of various nano approaches in the pharmaceutical industry, paving the way for a nano-revolution.

nanospongescontrolled releasetargeted releasecolloidal sizes.

95,803 views

28,766 downloads

Contributors:

B. Tejeswara Rao

V. Saikishore

D. Gowtham Kumar

A. Prameela Rani

Research PaperID: AJPTR34016

A review on Ethnopharmacological aspects of a Siddha drug Nilavembu Kudineer

Karthick.S1* Arunvanan.M, Mubarak.H, Justus Antony.S, Manoharan. A, Mohan.S

Siddha physicians prescribe many drugs to bring around several viral infections such as swine flu, chikungunya and dengue nowadays. The polyherbal decoction Nilavembu Kudineer (NK) is a familiar one in this series. This drug is administered for all age groups and observed by nil adverse effects. Even Tamil speaking people are well known of this drug irrespective of their literacy, knowledge about medicine etc. Many researchers rivet over this drug because of its rescuing nature from various microbial infections. Here, an attempt has been made to summarize the explored ethno pharmacological activities of the ingredients in order to strengthen the scientific facts favouring this drug. This will put a step ahead in the field of research for further studies.

SiddhaNilavembuDengue

96,113 views

28,776 downloads

Contributors:

Karthick.S1* Arunvanan.M

Mubarak.H

Justus Antony.S

Manoharan. A

Mohan.S

Research PaperID: AJPTR34017

Nanotechnology: A New Approach In Herbal Medicine

Jitendra S Patel, Medha M Bhatt, Foram A Patel, Minakshi M Dhoru, Madhabhai M Patel

Herbal medicines have been used all over the world from last many years. Especially in India, there is wide market for herbals. The new approach in herbals as nanotechnology have a sound future which has a scientific approach to deliver the component in sustained manner which increase the patient compliance and avoid repeated administration. By developing new formulation as nano herbal medicines like nanofiber, nanoparticles, dendrimers, herbal market get good feedback. So many chronic diseases like cancer, wound healing can be cured by nano herbals more effectively as compared to allopathic medicines. The next most important step for herbal formulations is their standardization which establish consistent biological activity, consistent chemical profile or simply a quality assurance program. The article focused on the various techniques employed in preparation, identification and characterization of herbal drugs.

nanofibernanoparticlesdendrimers

95,865 views

28,836 downloads

Contributors:

Jitendra S Patel

Medha M Bhatt

Foram A Patel

Minakshi M Dhoru

Madhabhai M Patel

Research PaperID: AJPTR34018

Tandem Mass Spectrometric Method for the Quantitative Determination of Pioglitazone and their Metabolites in Human Plasma by Using Liquid-Liquid Extraction Technique and its Application to Pharmacokinetic Studies

Naga Malleswara Rao Ketana, Venkata Kumar Chintaluri, Madhuri Kommoju, Suthakaran Raj, Jaswanth Kumar Inamadugu, Satyanarayana P. V. V

There is interest in evaluating the efficacy of lower doses of certain thiazolidinedione family or insulin sensitizers for clinical care. We have developed a sensitive and rapid positive polarity electro-spray ionization with Tandem-mass spectrometry method was validated as per FDA guidelines for the determination of Pioglitazone (PGZ), their metabolites Keto-Pioglitazone (KPGZ) and Hydroxy-Pioglitazone (HPGZ) in human plasma samples. Glyburide was used as an internal standard. The chromatographic separation was achieved by Discovery C18 column using isocratic mobile phase consists a mixture of 5mM ammonium acetate (pH 6.4 ± 0.1) and acetonitrile (40:60 v/v). An aliquot of 150 µL plasma was used for the liquid- liquid plasma extraction technique for quantification of the analytes. The molecular ion Q1, product ion Q3 transitions for Pioglitazone, Keto-Pioglitazone and Hydroxy-Pioglitazone were found to be 357.2→134.1, 371.3→148.4 and 373.2→150.1 m/z respectively. The proposed method was validated in the concentration range of 10.0-3529.0, 5.0-1209.7 and 5.0-2029.7 ng/mL for PGZ, KPGZ and HPGZ respectively in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The pharmacokinetic parameters for Pioglitazone were found to be Tmax - 2.5 Hours, Cmax - 2088.2 ng/mL, T1/2 - 6.5 Hours, AUC (0-T) - 20925.9 ng/mL and AUC (0-∞) - 21276.2 ng/mL). The entire results obtained in the study were well within acceptance limits.

DeterminationPioglitazoneMetabolitesPlasma and Tandem Mass

96,188 views

28,981 downloads

Contributors:

Naga Malleswara Rao Ketana

Venkata Kumar Chintaluri

Madhuri Kommoju

Suthakaran Raj

Jaswanth Kumar Inamadugu

Satyanarayana P. V. V

Research PaperID: AJPTR34019

Quantitative Analysis of Neem Extract Complex using Phosphatidyl choline obtained from Soya Lecithin oil

Supriya.Dubhashi, J.Satwik, V.V.L.N Prasad, A.Swathi, Prakash V Diwan

The neem tree has been known for its unique properties both in improving human health and against insects. Azadirachtin is a tri terpenoid limonoid obtained from various parts of the neem. Phosphatidyl choline is the most important phospholipid which helps in crossing the lipid barrier of the cell membrane and thus helps in easy absorption of the compound/drug. In the present work we are combining the isolated Azadirachtin and PC to form a complex, which can enhance the bio availability and easy absorption of the compound/drug. First of all, Azadirachtin is extracted from the dried neem kernel powder in a Soxhlet extractor using Di-Chloro methane as a solvent. Phosphatidyl choline is extracted and isolated from soya lecithin oil through reflux, using Methanol + Sodium hydroxide as solvent. The TLC, UV, HPLC, FTIR and DSC reports indicate the separation of the compounds from their crude forms. Azadirachtin and Phosphatidyl choline separated are refluxed together for 2 hours and dried in a Rota evaporator to form a 'Complex'. The absorbance's of Azadirachtin, Phosphatidyl choline and the Complex are measured at 220, 230 and 217nm. The qualitative analysis of Azadirachtin, Phosphatidyl choline and the Complex (1:1) were carried out by HPLC, on a C-18 column. Aceto nitryl: Methanol: 1% Triethyl amine pH 4 (60:40:1) was used as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1ml/min, at 210nm.The isolation of Phosphatidyl choline from soya lecithin oil used is a new method and the formation of Complex is an innovative work.

Phosphatidyl cholineAzadirachtinComplexUV spectrophotometerHPLCFTIR+1 more

96,098 views

29,010 downloads

Contributors:

Supriya.Dubhashi

J.Satwik

V.V.L.N Prasad

A.Swathi

Prakash V Diwan

Research PaperID: AJPTR34020

Formulation and evaluation of fixed dose combination of sustain release Glipizide and conventional release of Telmisartan drug bi-layered tablet with guggul as binding agent

Habibuddin Mohammed, Devi Ramesh, K.M. Ameer Hussain, Touseef Humaira

The emerging new fixed dose combination of Glipizide (GLZ) as sustained release and Telmisartan (TEL) as immediate release were formulated as a bilayer matrix tablet using guggul. Guggul used as a binding agent with three different concentrations (70%, 80%, and 90%; F1-F6) was used for the preparation of first layer of tablet containing glipizide. The conventional tablet of telmisartan was prepared as a second layer. Prepared bilayer tablets were studied for the in vitro release study carried out at pH 1.2 for first two hours and then at pH 6.8 for 6 hours using USP dissolution apparatus II (Basket). All the evaluation tests were found to be within the acceptance limits specified in Indian Pharmacopeia. The assay and dissolution study of tablets were done by HPLC which was developed and validated according to the ICH Q2 (B) guidelines. The contents of assay of the tablets were found to be 90.92% - 103.84% for F2-F5. The release of glipizide from the tablet was extended up to 8 h. Tablet containing 2.5 mg of glipizide with 80% of guggul release of drug after 8 h was found to be 82.36% and tablet containing 5 mg of glipizide with 90% guggul release of glipizide after 8 h was found to be 74.67%. The release pattern of each formulation (F2-F5) was fitted into the dissolution kinetics models and all the formulations were best fitted in the Higuchi model kinetic. From the results, we have concluded that the guggul act as a binding agent as well as rate retarding agent.

Commiphora MukulFixed dose combinationGlipizideGuggulHigh Pressure Liquid ChromatographyMethod development+2 more

96,535 views

28,870 downloads

Contributors:

Habibuddin Mohammed

Devi Ramesh

K.M. Ameer Hussain

Touseef Humaira

Research PaperID: AJPTR34021

Development and Validation of a simple RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of Amlodipine besylate and Glimepiride. Application to in-vitro release study of bilayer tablet

Devi Ramesh, Habibuddin Mohammad, PVenumadav, Touseef Humaira

A simple, rapid, and precise RP-HPLC method for simultaneous analysis of Amlodipine besylate and Glimepiride in bulk and its pharmaceutical formulations has been developed and validated. Amlodipine besylate was separated from Glimepiride by using Grace Smart Altima C8 column (25 cm × 4.6 mm, 5-μm) with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile: 20mM phosphate buffer (55:45 (v/v), pH 3.5) a flow rate of 1 mL/min and detection wavelength at 230 nm. Amlodipine besylate and Glimepiride were eluted with retention times of 5.47 min and 14.17 min respectively. The method was validated for accuracy, precision, linearity, specificity and sensitivity in accordance with ICH (Q2B) guidelines. The results of all the validation parameters were found to be within the acceptable limits. The calibration plots were linear over the concentration ranges from 70-3000ng/mL for Amlodipine besylate and 100-3000ng/mL for glimepiride. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be 19.4ng/mL and 58.8ng/mL for amlodipine besylate, 25.6ng/mL and 76.2ng/mL for glimepiride respectively for both the drugs. From the results it is suggested that the method is simple, reproducible, accurate and precise. The method was successfully applied for the determination of content and the dissolution profile of the combined bilayer tablet dosage form.

AmlodipineGlimepirideRP-HPLCSimultaneous determinationValidation.

96,444 views

29,064 downloads

Contributors:

Devi Ramesh

Habibuddin Mohammad

PVenumadav

Touseef Humaira

Research PaperID: AJPTR34022

The Role of Melatonin in alleviating Hyperlipedemia in the Rats

Estabraq M. Jadooa

The protective action of melatonin can be manifested in our study following the induction of hyperlipidemia in rodent animals or rats to counteract the harmful effects of excess fat. 30 wistermale rats, divided into 3 groups; 10 of them were subjected to normal diet (control group) group A with melatonin, group B had a diet rich in lipid(atherogenic diet)for three weeks without melatonin injection, while group C taking atherogenic diet but with melatonin injection (intraperitoneal) with serial estimation of serum cholesterol ,triglyceride ,LDL and VLDL through blood sample of trunk blood (cardiac puncture of the rat) for a period from 25 Feb. 2013 to 25 April 2013. Enhanced catabolism of cholesterol to bile acids is likely studied by an increase in fecal bile acid excretion following melatonin treatment as will be seen in general stool examination (G.S.E.) of the rats. In group B marked increase in serum cholesterol, VLDL and triglyceride level following dietary regime (followed by) slight reduction in serum cholesterol and triglyceride level after melatonin injection as seen in group C , associated with high bile salts level in stool examination ,matching with no response as seen in group A .These findings suggest that the hypolipidemic effect of melatonin may work through the augmentation of endogenous cholesterol clearance mechanisms especially in cases with induced or secondary hyperlipidemia, this is accompanied by the lowering of the triglyceride fraction associated with low density lipoproteins.

MelatoninRatsSerum CholesterolTriglycerideLDLVLDL+3 more

96,552 views

29,044 downloads

Contributors:

Estabraq M. Jadooa

Research PaperID: AJPTR34023

RP-HPLC Method Development and Validation of Metformin and Vildagliptin in Bulk and Its Pharmaceutical Dosage form and their Bio-Analytical Studies

G.Alekya, Naira Nayeem, T.Mahati

The present work is simple and sensitive RP-HPLC Method Development and Validation for the simultaneous estimation of Metformin and Vildagliptin in bulk and its pharmaceutical dosage form and their Bio-Analytical studies. Chromatography was carried out on Kromosil C18 (4.6 x 250mm, 5mm) column using Phosphate buffer pH 5.8 and Acetonitrile in the ratio of 80:20 as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 ml/min with UV detection at 215 nm. The Retention time of Metformin and Vildagliptin is 2.589 mins and 4.296 mins respectively. The detector response is linear. The Limit of Detection for Metformin and Vildagliptin is 0.06 µg/ml and 0.1 µg/ml and Limit of Quantification for Metformin and Vildagliptin is 0.2 µg/ml and 0.4 µg/ml respectively. The Percentage assay for Metformin and Vildagliptin is 99.6% and 99.2% respectively and Percentage Recovery for average of three different concentrations for Metformin and Vildagliptin is 99.9% and 100.1% respectively. The method was validated by determining its selectivity, robustness, linearity, accuracy and precision. The developed method is simple, fast, sensitive, linear, accurate, rugged and precise and hence can be applied for routine quality control of Metformin and Vildagliptin in bulk and its pharmaceutical dosage form.

Reverse Phase-High Performance Liquid ChromatographyMetforminVildagliptinBio-Analysis studies.

96,865 views

29,163 downloads

Contributors:

G.Alekya

Naira Nayeem

T.Mahati

Research PaperID: AJPTR34024

Evaluation of Diuretic activity of marketed Polyherbal syrup: “Uriflux

Pallavi Navale, CS Magdum, Swapna Khochage, Sadhana Todkar

Marketed polyherbal syrup is made from five crude drug decoction, which acting with essential diuretic principles, which are Mimusops elengi, Santalum album, Crateva nurvala, Tribulus terrestris, Andropogon muricatus. The aim of this study is to evaluate diuretic activity of such marketed polyherbal formulation in wistar albino rat. Dose of marketed polyherbal syrup is 1ml/200gm, Frusemide10mg/kg. Evaluation of diuretic effect is done by measuring urine volume, sodium potassium and chloride excretion. We can conclude that marketed URIFLUX syrup produced notable diuretic effect which appeared to be comparable that produced by reference standard diuretic Frusemide.

Diuretic activityDigital flame photometerTribulus terrestrisURIFLUX syrup

96,983 views

29,022 downloads

Contributors:

Pallavi Navale

CS Magdum

Swapna Khochage

Sadhana Todkar

Research PaperID: AJPTR34025

Simultaneous Determination of Strychnine and Brucine In Biological Samples and Herbal Formulations by HPTLC

Babu Giriya Gowda

A simple, precise and accurate high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method have been developed for the quantification of strychnine and brucine. The strychnine and brucine are isolated from biological samples and herbal formulations using a liquid–liquid extraction procedure. The clean-up procedure is performed using an acid solution. The method has a linear range of 45 – 1000 ng/spot for strychnine and 95 – 1000 ng/spot for brucine. The method precision was found to be 0.86 - 2.61 (% RSD) and 0.77 - 2.46 (% RSD) for strychnine and brucine respectively. Accuracy of the method was checked by recovery studies conducted at three different concentration levels and the average percentage recovery was found to be 101.34 % for strychnine and 101.23 % for brucine.

HPTLCstrychninebrucinebiological samplesherbal formulations.

97,192 views

29,223 downloads

Contributors:

Babu Giriya Gowda

Research PaperID: AJPTR34026

Design Development and Evaluation of oral thin films of Montelukast Sodium

Roshan C. Chavan, Raju O. Sonawane, Vishal V. Pande, Laximikant R. Zawar, Prashant B. Jade

The present study reveals the use of Oral Thin Film (OTF) prepared by solvent casting technique. The prepared Montelukast loaded OTF can be used in emergency condition of severe asthmatic attacks. The comparison study by using Poly (ethylene) Oxide N-750 (PEO) and Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose E15 (HPMCE15) as film forming polymer was performed. The results obtained for film disintegration and dissolution time tested orally correlated well with those obtained by the visual method. There was considerable reduction in film strength and increase in percent elongation of film with increase in glycerol content. The result showed that film containing PEO N-750 with 5 % glycerol showed better disintegration, dissolution and folding endurance when compared with film containing HPMCE15. Hence, the film containing PEO was used for further optimization where the optimized formulation (F2) depicted disintegration time of less than 6 sec, complete drug release within 8 min, percent elongation as 61.24 cm % and folding endurance more than 250 .

Oral thin film (OTF)Montelukast sodiumPEOHPMCE15

97,229 views

29,131 downloads

Contributors:

Roshan C. Chavan

Raju O. Sonawane

Vishal V. Pande

Laximikant R. Zawar

Prashant B. Jade

Research PaperID: AJPTR34027

In-Vitro Anti-Oxidant Property Evaluation of Different Extract of Artocarpus Chaplasha Bark

Kishower Shams, Abdullah Al Mamun, Mohammed Abdullah Jainul, Amin Chowdhury, Shofiul Azam, Shadman Rahman

This investigation is made upon the plant Artocarpus chaplasha, the bark of it, to find out its anti-oxidant property. The anti-oxidant property of this plant part was investigated using different solvent for extraction, such as ethanol, ethyl acetate, methanol and chloroform. Different types extract is used to see different extent of result as many phytochemicals are readily extracted in ethanol but not in methanol, and so on. In case of anti-oxidant the scavenging power (IC50) of DPPH radical was 55.15, 163.10, 166.94 and 407.875µg/ml for aforementioned extracts respectively. By the time IC50 ascorbic acid has 47.19µg/ml. There’s also test for total phenolic and flavonoid content was carried out and the ressult for each was 3.63, 61.97, 2.15 and 3.18mg/gm for each extracts respectively in terms of phenolic content. Total flavonoid content was 116.17, 121.51, 82.33 and 63.67mg/gm for each different extracts respectively.

IC50A. chaplashascavengingreducing poweranti-oxidant

97,509 views

29,245 downloads

Contributors:

Kishower Shams

Abdullah Al Mamun

Mohammed Abdullah Jainul

Amin Chowdhury

Shofiul Azam

Shadman Rahman

Research PaperID: AJPTR34028

Development and Optimization of Oral Fast Dissolving Film of Salbutamol Sulphate by Design of Experiment

Govind Shankar Pandey, Ratendra Kumar, Rajiv Sharma, Yogendra Singh, U.V.S Teotia

The present study aimed at development and evaluation oral fast dissolving film of Salbutamol Sulphate utilizing HPMC as a film forming polymer and PEG 1000 as a plasticizer. Response Surface Methodology was used to optimize the oral fast dissolving film formulation. In the design, concentration of HPMC and concentration of PEG 1000 was selected as independent variable. Tensile strength, elongation at break and elastic modulas was selected as dependent variable. The results of the study demonstrated a successful development of a film with optimum mechanical property and disintegration time. The adopted design was very much successful as an optimization tool in this present study. The optimized formulation was evaluated by SEM & FTIR and the results were found appropriate. The accelerated stability study indicated the stability of the optimized formulation up to 6 month. In the conclusion, it is advocated that the development of optimized oral fast dissolving film formulation was successful. Key words: Plasticizer, Oral Fast Dissolving Film, Factorial Design, Elongation at break

PlasticizerOral Fast Dissolving FilmFactorial DesignElongation at break

97,204 views

29,230 downloads

Contributors:

Govind Shankar Pandey

Ratendra Kumar

Rajiv Sharma

Yogendra Singh

U.V.S Teotia

Research PaperID: AJPTR34029

Validation and Derivative Spectroscopy of Prasugrel HCl In Bulk and Formulation

R. Vani, B. Vijaya Kumar, G. Krisha Mohan, Anas Rasheed

This study describes the development and validation for the determination of Prasugrel Hydrochloride in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form by the first-order derivative UV spectroscopy method. The quantification was achieved by the first-order derivative spectroscopy method at 248 nm over the concentration range of 5-25 μg/ml for estimation of Prasugrel Hcl (r2=0.9993) keeping methanol as solvent in zero order derivatization and same 5-25 μg/ml for estimation of Prasugrel Hcl (r2=0.9981) in methanol upon first order derivatization. Procedure does not require prior separation of components from the sample. LOD values for Prasugrel Hclwas found to be 0.591μg/mL for zero order derivatization and upon first order derivatization 0.165 μg/mL. LOQ values for Prasugrel Hclwas found to be 1.970 μg/mL for zero order derivatization and upon first order derivatization0.55 μg/mL. The results of analysis have been validated statistically and recovery studies carried out in the range 50-150% to confirm the accuracy of the proposed method. The relative standard deviation was found to be

Prasugrel Hydrochloridefirst-order derivative spectroscopyzero order derivatizationpharmaceutical dosage form.

97,708 views

29,284 downloads

Contributors:

R. Vani

B. Vijaya Kumar

G. Krisha Mohan

Anas Rasheed

Research PaperID: AJPTR34030

Isolation and Screening of L - Asparaginase Producing Marine Actinomycetes from South Indian Coastal Region

K.Selvam, B. Vishnupriya

A total of fifty six actinomycete isolates were isolated from the ten marine sediments of south India. Marine environment is a potential source of novel actinomycetes, which are a potent source of antibiotics and novel bioactive compounds. The isolates were identified as actinomycetes by morphological, biochemical and microscopic studies. The isolated actinomycetes were screened for L-asparaginase activity by rapid plate assay method. Based on screening, isolate 1, 2 and 18 were showed large clear pink zone and its diameter (dm) was measured as 9.0, 8.5 and 8.5 cm and the enzyme production has been determined by nesslerization method. The spectrophotometric assay of enzyme activity of the isolates 1, 2 and 18 were found to be 1.92, 1.48 and 1.46 U/ml.

L-asparaginaseMarine actinomycetesNesslerizationSemi quantitative plate assay

97,660 views

29,306 downloads

Contributors:

K.Selvam

B. Vishnupriya

Research PaperID: AJPTR34031

Clinical Evaluation of Agnikarma In Management of Gridhrasi

Ashwini Fulzele, Nilesh Ingle, Amol Kadu, J.P. Singh

Gridhrasi(Sciatica) is one of the Vatavyadhi caused by aggravated Vatadoshas. This disease is characterised by cardinal symptom i.e. Radiating pain (Ruja), which makes the patient difficult to walk; hampering the daily routine of the individual. No specific remedy is given in modern medical science, patients depends on painkillers which has temporary action. Agnikarma is the procedure indicated by Aacharya in Vatavyadhi. Sushrut mentions Agnikarma as superior most than other therapeutic procedures as it gives instant relief in pain. Thus the objective of present study was to evaluate the efficacy of Agnikarma in case of Gridhrasi & thus improve the daily routine of affected individual. Open study was performed in NIA, Jaipur at OPD & IPD level, patient were registered for study after taking written informed consent. 30 cases present with classical features of Gridhrasi as given in text were selected from OPD & IPD of NIA, Jaipur & management by procedure of Agnikarma was conducted. Data was collected & observation were made before treatment, on 7thday, on 14thday, & 21stday of treatment There was a highly significant reduction in the parameters like pain, walking distance, stiffness, SLR test seen in the study gp. Visual Pain Analogue Scale was used for analysis of overall effect of treatment. Management of Gridhrasi by Agnikarma gives instant relief in pain but oral Shaman medicine has to use to break the Samprapti of the disease & to check the recurrence.

AgnikarmaGridhrasiSciatica

98,028 views

29,364 downloads

Contributors:

Ashwini Fulzele

Nilesh Ingle

Amol Kadu

J.P. Singh

Research PaperID: AJPTR34032

Hepatoprotective Effect of Alpinia Officinarum on Hepatic Ischemia/Reperfusion Induced Injury in Rats

Indala Rajesh, Meenu Singh, Jagarlamudi Anup, Vattikuti Uma Maheshwara Rao, Manupuri Prathyusha

To study the hepatoprotective effect of chloroform extract of Alpinia officinarum at 200 and 400 mg/kg against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. 24 male wistar rats were divided in to four groups. The normal control group, model control group and extract treated group (at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg) were orally fed with 1% DMSO, 1% sodium CMC in saline as vehicle for 21 days followed by ischemia/reperfusion on twenty second day. Blood and liver samples were obtained from all the animals on 22nd day for biochemical analysis of AST, ALT, ALP and LDH and histopathological studies were also performed. The results showed that the ischemia/reperfusion injury causes significant (p

Ischemia-Reperfusion (I/R) injuryAlpinia officinarumAST (Aspartate transaminase)ALT (Alanine transaminase)ALP (Alkaline phosphatase) & LDH (Lactate dehydrogenase).

97,909 views

29,455 downloads

Contributors:

Indala Rajesh

Meenu Singh

Jagarlamudi Anup

Vattikuti Uma Maheshwara Rao

Manupuri Prathyusha

Research PaperID: AJPTR34033

Modified Hupu Gum: A Novel Application In Solid Dispersion Containing Pioglitazone HCl

N. S. Shingne, S.V. Nagpure, S. V. Deshmane, K. R. Biyani

Pioglitazone HCl is an antidiabetic drug in thiazolidinediones group and it improves insulin sensitivity in insulin resistant patients. The drug has low solubility in biological fluid, lead to the poor bioavailability after oral administration. The present study aims at enhancement of dissolution profile of Pioglitazone HCl using Hupu gum (HG) and modified Hupu gum (MHG) as carriers by solid dispersion technique. MHG was prepared by heating at different temperature. The HG and MHG were characterized for viscosity, swelling index and water retention capacity. Solid dispersion was prepared by cogrinding method using HG and MHG in the ratio 1:1 and 1:2 respectively. The solubility data shows that solubility of Pioglitazone HCl is increases with HG and found high in MHG. The FTIR and XRD study was carried out. The X-Ray diffraction study shown crystalline nature of pure drug, which was converted into amorphous form in solid dispersion. The optimized formulation shows the higher in vitro drug release (93.49 %) within 120 min and also it shows higher absorption against pure Pioglitazone HCl. From this study it concludes that MHG could be novel approach useful as a carrier with in enhancing solubility in solid dispersion.

Pioglitazone HCldissolution enhancementhupu gummodified hupu gumX-Ray diffraction.

98,140 views

29,416 downloads

Contributors:

N. S. Shingne

S.V. Nagpure

S. V. Deshmane

K. R. Biyani

Research PaperID: AJPTR34034

Evaluation of Antihyperglycemic and Lipid Lowering Activity of Caralluma Fimbriata in Diabetes Induced rats.

Sandeep Jagtap, P.P. Shidore, S.V. Dange

This study evaluates antihyperglycemic and lipid lowering activity of Caralluma fimbriata in dexamethasone induced diabetic rats. Serum glucose and lipid lowering activity of Caralluma fimbriata was tested at dose of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg per oral route against dexamethasone induced hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia in Spraugue-Dawley (SD) rats. On day 11, blood was collected for the estimation of serum glucose and lipids. Caralluma fimbrita in both the doses significantly decreased Serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL as compared to dexamethasone only group (P

Caralluma fimbriataglucoselipiddexamethasonediabetes

97,979 views

29,391 downloads

Contributors:

Sandeep Jagtap

P.P. Shidore

S.V. Dange

Research PaperID: AJPTR34035

Lipospheres: A Potential Delivery System of Herbal Extract for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus

Salome Amarachi Chime, Ikechukwu V. Onyishi, Anthony A. Attama, Onunkwo Godswill C, Ajaraonye Maduabuchi C

In view of the wide spread use of herbal formulations and its proven efficacy, there is need for standardization and quality control. Gongronema latifolium is widely used in the folk medicine in the treatment of diabetes, hence the need for an effective delivery system for this natural plant. The methanolic extract of Gongronema latifolium leaves (1, 3 and 5 %) were formulated into lipospheres by melt homogenization using lipid matrix consisting of mixture of goat fat and Phospholipon® 90H (1:2). The lipospheres were characterized by analyzing the encapsulation efficiency(EE), pH, particle size and morphology. The in vivo antidiabetic properties were studied in alloxan induced diabetic Wistar rats. The results showed spherical lipospheres within µm limit, stable pH over 30 days and EE% of 86, 89 and 90 % for batches A, B and C containing 1, 3 and 5 % Gongronema latifolium extract. Gongronema latifolium-loaded lipospheres (100 mg/kg) had 55.2 and 70.6 % reduction in blood glucose of the diabetic rats at 8 and 12 h respectively, while, the rats that received glibenclamide (0.2 mg/kg) had 38.4 and 53.4 % reduction in blood glucose at 8 and 12 h. Gongronema latifolium-loaded lipospheres had significantly higher antidiabetic properties than (p < 0.05) the reference drug at concentrations used.

Alloxan induced diabetesCapra hircus fatsGongronema latifoliumlipospheres

98,134 views

29,482 downloads

Contributors:

Salome Amarachi Chime

Ikechukwu V. Onyishi

Anthony A. Attama

Onunkwo Godswill C

Ajaraonye Maduabuchi C

Research PaperID: AJPTR34036

Development and Validation of UV Spectrophotometric Area Under Curve Method for Estimation of Loratadine in Bulk and Tablet Dosage Form

Hemant Kumar Jain, Khushbu H. Patel

The aim of present work was to develop an accurate, precise, reproducible and economical UV spectrophotometric method for estimation of Loratadine. This method was based on area under curve of UV spectrum between 241 to 251 nm and validated as per ICH guideline Q2 (R1). The method has followed linearity in the range of 5-30µg/ml. The value of correlation coefficient was 0.999. Satisfactory values of Percent relative standard deviation for the intra-day and inter-day precision indicated that method is precise. Results of the recovery studies (99.66 % to 99.95 %) showed accuracy of the method. LOD and LOQ were calculated as 0.581 µg/ml and 1.935 µg/ml, respectively. The developed method can be used for routine estimation of Loratadine in bulk and tablet dosage forms.

LoratadineEstimationUV spectrophotometryArea under curveValidation.

98,433 views

29,507 downloads

Contributors:

Hemant Kumar Jain

Khushbu H. Patel

Research PaperID: AJPTR34037

Comparative efficacy of Antidiarrheal activity of Mebarid vs. Diarex, Ayurvedic Antidiarrheal formulations in children with acute diarrhea.

Bhuvaneshwari Shanmugham, Suresh V. Dange, Pratibha S. Worlikar, Madhukant H. Nandgavli 3 Vijay L. Bhavari

In clinical practice, nonspecific anti-diarrheals (allopathic and ayurvedic) are commonly used by clinicians along with routine treatment, to hasten the recovery and to provide psychological relief. Although they are used extensively in clinical practice, there are variable reports regarding their efficacy and utility. This prospective observational study was carried out in two private clinics run by paediatricians to compare the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of MEBARID versus DIAREX, ayurvedic polyherbal anti-diarrheal formulations in the treatment of acute diarrhea. Children suffering from acute diarrhea (aged 2 y to 10 y) who presented to the clinic with acute diarrhea and fulfilling selection criteria were enrolled and divided into two treatment groups viz, MEBARID and DIAREX. Data collection was done using predesigned case report forms and questionnaires. Outcome measures used were 1) duration of diarrhea, after initiation of treatment 2) no. of diarrheal stools until recovery 3) time (h) required for improvement in stool consistency. We found significant difference in time needed for improvement in stool consistency between MEBARID and DIAREX (19.95 h vs. 29 h). Administration of MEBARID reduced the stool frequency significantly (p < 0.01) compared to DIAREX. However, the mean duration of diarrhea was significantly reduced by DIAREX (42.77 ± 1.48 vs. 54.15 ± 1.53). No serious adverse effects were recorded during the study. Administration of MEBARID hastened the recovery of children suffering from acute diarrhea significantly by reducing frequency & improving consistency of stools compared to DIAREX. But DIAREX significantly reduced the duration of diarrhea compared to MEBARID.

Acute diarrheaMebaridDiarexNonspecific anti-diarrhealChildren

98,382 views

29,585 downloads

Contributors:

Bhuvaneshwari Shanmugham

Suresh V. Dange

Pratibha S. Worlikar

Madhukant H. Nandgavli 3 Vijay L. Bhavari

Research PaperID: AJPTR34038

Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis & In Vitro Bioactivity against Clinical Pathogens of Medicinally important Orchid of Rhynchostylis retusa Blume

B. Radhika, N. Murthy

Rhynchostylis retusa is a medicinal orchid, used to cure blood dysentery, Tuberculosis, epilepsy, menstrual disorders, fewer, gout, Asthma, rheumatism, Malarial fewer etc. The purpose of this study were to determine photochemical constitutes and antibacterial activity of medicinal orchid Rhynchostylis retusa. Hexane, Chloroform and methanol extracts of this orchid were used to determine antibacterial activity against ten clinical pathogenic bacteria. A quantitative photochemical analysis was performed for the detection of Alkaloids, tannins, Flavoniods, Flavones, Flavonones, Glycosides, Phenols, Saponins, coumarines etc. The present study will be successful to identify antibacterial activity which could be further exploited for isolation and characterization of the novel phytochemicals in the treatment of infectious diseases especially in light of the emergence of drug resistant microorganisms and the need to produce more effective antimicrobial agents. Among these three extracts, chloroform and methonolic extracts shows highest zone of inhibition than the hexane extracts.

Rhynchostylis retusaAgar Well Diffusion methodChloroform extractAntibacterial activity.

98,643 views

29,674 downloads

Contributors:

B. Radhika

N. Murthy

Research PaperID: AJPTR34039

Formulation and Comparative Evaluation of Nevirapine Floating Beads and Floating Gel

B.V. Ramana, K.Sujatha, G.Nagarajan, T.E.G.K.Murthy

The purpose of the study was to formulate floating alginate beads of Nevirapine (NVP), an Anti-HIV agent. Inspite of long half life (45 hrs) a Nevirapine controlled release once daily formulation could be used to maintain optimum peak plasma concentration for effective viral suppression. The floating bead formulations were prepared by dispersing Nevirapine together with Sodium bicarbonate in a mixture of sodium alginate and Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose solution and sunflower oil and then dripping the dispersion into an acidified solution of calcium chloride. Calcium alginate beads were formed, as the alginate underwent Emulsion gelation by calcium ions, and carbon dioxide developed from the reaction of carbonate salts with acid. The obtained beads were able to float due to CO2 -gas formation and the gas entrapment by the polymeric membrane. The prepared beads were evaluated for percent drug loading, drug entrapment efficiency, morphology, surface topography, buoyancy, in-vitro release, and release kinetics. The beads containing higher amounts of calcium carbonate demonstrated an instantaneous, complete, and excellent floating ability over a period of 24 hours. And this floating beads are compared and evaluated with Nevirapine floaing gel, Good floating properties and sustained drug release were achieved. Finally, these floating beads seemed to be a promising gastro retentive drug delivery system.

Gastro retentive Drug Delivery systemNevirapineSustained releaseSodium alginate.

98,991 views

29,727 downloads

Contributors:

B.V. Ramana

K.Sujatha

G.Nagarajan

T.E.G.K.Murthy

Research PaperID: AJPTR34040

Preparation and Evaluation of Bioadhesive Microspheres Prepared by Ion Gelation Method and Effect of Variables on Quality of Microspheres

Upendra C Galgatte, Pravin D Chaudhari

Gastroretention is advisable for metformin hydrochloride due to its site specific absorption and low bioavailability (60%). Therefore, the attempts have been carried out in present study to formulate bioadhesive microspheres of metformin hydrochloride. Microspheres provide precise control on drug release and bioadhesion is useful to obtain gastroretention for improvement in bioavailability. Drug loaded microspheres of bioadhesive polymers were prepared by ionic gelation method. Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and methyl cellulose (MC) were used as bioadhesive polymers. Microspheres were prepared by using various ratios of sodium alginate to respective polymer(s). One gram of drug was added in 50ml solution of polymers separately. Microspheres were collected in 10% w/v calcium chloride solution with constant stirring. Formulation MS2 (sodium alginate: HPC; 1:1) was found to be the best among all. For MS2, percent yield (65.5%), drug entrapment efficiency (72±0.56%), particle size (851 µm), in vitro wash off test (63.9 %), in vitro drug release (80.77 %) etc. Some process parameters viz orifice diameter of needle used to pass polymer solution, dropping height and stirring speed were studied. It was observed that as the orifice diameter of needle decreased from needle no. 18 to 23, the microspheres were more spherical with retention in their shape and needle no. 20 was found to be optimum. More spherical microspheres were observed with decrease in dropping height and optimum was found to be 6 cm. With increase in stirring speed from 250 to 750 RPM, drug entrapment efficiency decreased.

bioadhesivegastroretentionmetformin hydrochloridemicrospheres

99,141 views

29,700 downloads

Contributors:

Upendra C Galgatte

Pravin D Chaudhari

Research PaperID: AJPTR34041

A New RP-HPLC method for the Simultaneous Estimation of Emtricitabine, Efavirenz and Tenofovir in Tablet Dosage forms

C. Palavan, LA Ramaprasad, P Srinivasu, JVLN Seshagiri Rao

An accurate, precise and reproducible high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for quantitative estimation of emtricitabine, efavirenz and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate simultaneously in tablet dosage forms. Separation of the drugs was achieved within 15.0 min on a Xterra RP-18 column (150 x 4.6 mm; 5µ) by gradient elution using mixtures of ammonium acetate buffer and acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The analytes in the eluate were monitored at 260 nm. The retention times obtained for emtricitabine, efavirenz and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate were 4.611, 9.098 and 7.512 min respectively. The calibration curves were linear over the range of 20.11-60.33 µg/mL for emtricitabine, 60.28-180.45 µg/mL for efavirenz and 30.13-90.18 µg/mL for tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. The performance of the method was validated according to ICH guidelines. The method was found to be suitable for accurate determination of these drugs in tablet dosage forms without any interference from excipients or endogenous substances.

EmtricitabineEfavirenzTenofovir disoproxil fumarateDeterminationHPLCGradient elution.

98,962 views

29,741 downloads

Contributors:

C. Palavan

LA Ramaprasad

P Srinivasu

JVLN Seshagiri Rao

Research PaperID: AJPTR34042

Design and evaluation of Coated Microspheres of Antiprotozoal drug for colon specific delivery

Sundara Raj Behin, Isaac Samraj Punitha, Shabna, Shanthi, Preejesh Prabhakaran, Jaidev Kundaria

Colon-specific drug delivery has gained increased importance in the delivery of drugs for the treatment of local diseases associated with the colon, such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, colorectal cancer and amoebiasis. Metronidazole, an antiprotozoal drug is clinically effective in colonic diseases, both locally and systemically. The aim of this work was to prepare and evaluate Eudragit coated chitosan microspheres of metronidazole for colon targeting. Chitosan microspheres were prepared by emulsion dehydration method using different ratios of drug and polymer. Eudragit coated chitosan microspheres were performed by solvent evaporation method and were evaluated for percentage yield, flow property, particle size analysis, surface morphology, determination of drug content, drug entrapment efficiency, degree of swelling, in vitro drug release and its kinetic profile. The percentage yield of all formulations was more than 80%. The microspheres showed a spherical structure with a smooth surface morphology. The drug entrapment efficiency was found to be in between 68.8%-81.6%. The in vitro release was found to be in following order F3>F1>F2>F4>F5>F6. In the case of F3 only 13.03% of the drug was released in 5 hrs, but it showed high and fast increase in drug release from 6th hr in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer. It shows 90.52% drug release after 12hrs.The formulations gave good fit to the Zero order and the mechanism of drug release was diffusion. The results clearly demonstrated that the Eudragit S100 coated metronidazole chitosan microspheres is a potential system for colon-specific drug delivery.

MetronidazoleChitosanEudragit S 100Emulsion dehydration-solvent evaporation techniqueColon targeting.

99,178 views

29,745 downloads

Contributors:

Sundara Raj Behin

Isaac Samraj Punitha

Shabna

Shanthi

Preejesh Prabhakaran

Jaidev Kundaria

Research PaperID: AJPTR34043

Design and Development of Oral Lipid Based Solid Self Micro emulsified Drug Delivery System

Shilpa P Chaudhari, Sadhana Kolhe, A.A. Ranpise, M.P.Ratnaparkhi

The objective of the present study was to formulate a solid self micro emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) for oral administration to improve the solubility and bioavailability of Nimorazole. Solubility was determined in various oils, surfactants and cosurfactants. Of all the oils accessed for drug solubility, Capmul PG 8 NF showed higher solubility for drug and was better microemulsified using combination of Labrasol and Labrafac CC surfactant. The optimal formulation consists of 30% Capmul PG 8 NF, 50% Labrafac CC,20% Labrasol , was adsorbed on carriers Aerosil200, Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and Kaolin .The SMEDDS and solid SMEDDS were characterized for Percent transmittance (%T). Those formulations which showed higher value for %T were evaluated for droplet size, polydispersity index, ζ potential, refractive index and cloud point measurement. Effect of drug loading on droplet size, increasing dilution in different media, thermodynamic stability and in vitro dissolution was performed to observe the performance of the selected formulation. The solid SMEDDS are characterized by globule size analysis, and drug release studies of formulations are compared with plain drug. Adsorption on kaolin produced SMEDDS with the desired globule size and drug release. There was an increase in both the solubility and dissolution rate of drug in S-SMEDDS-K3 as compared to dissolution rate of pure Nimorazole.

Solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery system% transmittance studydroplet sizeCapmul PG 8 NF.

99,444 views

29,786 downloads

Contributors:

Shilpa P Chaudhari

Sadhana Kolhe

A.A. Ranpise

M.P.Ratnaparkhi

Research PaperID: AJPTR34044

Studies on the ameliorative effects of a probiotic consortium on normal and Aeromonas hydrophila -infected freshwater fish, Labeo rohita

Velsamy Govindasamy, Balasundaram Athmanathan, George John, Manoharan Natesan, Ganesan Sankaran, Naveenkumar Sethuraman

This present study was carried out, the use of probiotic consortium in freshwater aquaculture to be highly effective in improving disease resistance, survival, growth and nutrition. In this probiotic consortium was used for different concentrations of the fish feed such as 1%, 3%, and 5%. We have shown that Labeo rohita fed a probiotic supplemented diet have an improved survival and growth in 60 days culture animals every 20 days Aeromonas hydrophila infected in fish. Maximum weight gain (21.6g) was observed after 60 days in 5% probiotic fed animals. The maximum protein content in (32.5 mg %) was observed in muscle after 60 days animals. Increasing in WBC cells in infected animals which probably indicated increased in disease fighting capability of the fish. The general conclusion obtained from the present study is that the probiotics play a vital role in growth survival, protein, and glycogen, enumeration of blood cells and protein separation of the animals compared to control animals. The supplementation of the probiotic consortium diet is probably effective for rearing conditions.

ProbioticAquacultureGrowth SurvivalProteinGlycogenBlood cells.

99,523 views

29,844 downloads

Contributors:

Velsamy Govindasamy

Balasundaram Athmanathan

George John

Manoharan Natesan

Ganesan Sankaran

Naveenkumar Sethuraman

Research PaperID: AJPTR34045

Antiangiogenic Activity of Boswellia Serrata Extract

Amit Balkrishna Page, Kala Suhas Kulkarni

Boswellia Serrata (BA) is one of the traditional medicines being used since ancient time and is believed to have a variety of beneficial effects on human body. It is more commonly used in treatment of arthritis. Recent human studies have shown that Boswellia serrata may contribute to reduce risk of cardiovascular diseases and cancers. However little is known about effect of whole extract on angiogenesis in animal models. In this work, we have demonstrated antiangiogenic effects of Boswellia Serrata extract on three different models of angiogenesis – Chicken Chorioallentoic Membrane assay (CAM), Subcutaneous air pouch in rat (SAC) and Mesenteric window angiogenesis in rat (MWA). The extract showed dose dependent reduction in blood vessel development and nature of newly formed vessels. These effects further suggest that whole extract of Boswellia Serrata is useful as an herbal medicine for angiogenesis dependent diseases either alone or in combination with other pharmacotherapeutic or Chemotherapeutic agents.

AngiogenesisBoswelliaChorioallentoic membranemesenteric window angiogenesissubcutaneous air sac

99,401 views

29,795 downloads

Contributors:

Amit Balkrishna Page

Kala Suhas Kulkarni

Research PaperID: AJPTR34046

Determination of Independent Variables for the Losartan Mucoadhesive Buccal Tablets using Central Composite Design

B. Prakash Rao, Beny Baby, Y. Vishnuvardhan Reddy, S. Rajarajan, K. Deepthi, K. Ramesh

The Losartan Potassium buccal tablets have been developed as controlled drug delivery systems to improve the efficacy of Losartan Potassium through mucosal absorption, reduce dose frequency, toxicity, to improve bioavailability and patient compliance. Many processing variables can persuade the characteristics of the Losartan Potassium buccal tablets. The aim of the study was to study the effect of some selected process variables in the concentration of drug/locust bean gum, hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose K4M on the hardness, mucoadhesive strength and in-vitro release at different hours by applying central composite design, accounting the above independent variables. The central composite design with an R2 value of 0.9695, 0.9928, 0.5839, and 0.7556 has selected as a suitable model for further analysis. The model F value of 44.52, 277.61, 7.02, 15.46 with probability P>F

Mucoadhesivecentral composite designhydroxypropyl methyl cellulose K4Mlocust bean gumLosartan Potassium.

99,713 views

30,013 downloads

Contributors:

B. Prakash Rao

Beny Baby

Y. Vishnuvardhan Reddy

S. Rajarajan

K. Deepthi

K. Ramesh

Research PaperID: AJPTR34047

Comparative Effect of Antidepressants (Desipramine) and NSAID (Dexibuprofen) Against Chronic Pain and Depression Associated with MIA Induced Osteoarthritis in Rats.

VS. Saravanan, V.Krishnaraju

To compare the role of anti-depressants (Desipramine) and NSAID (Dexibuprofen) in monosodium iodo acetate (MIA) induced chronic knee osteoarthritis (OA) in rats. Twenty four male wistar rats were divided into 4 groups of 6 animals each. Group I to IV served as Vehicle control, OA control, Desipramine and Dexibuprofen treated groups respectively. Group I received I.A. Injection of 50µl of 0.9%normal saline, and Group II to IV received I.A. Injection of 50µl MIA, and the treatment of drugs started on the same day. The animals will be monitored for osteoarthritis parameters and/or depression on pre-dose day (day 0) and on day 1, 3, 5, 7, 11 14, 18, 21 and 28 th day. The rise in knee inflammation is almost similar in all MIA treated groups (p

OsteoarthritisDepressionMIADesipramine and Dexibuprofen

99,907 views

29,915 downloads

Contributors:

VS. Saravanan

V.Krishnaraju

Research PaperID: AJPTR34048

Investigations on Mucuna Gum as a Drug Release Encapsulate

Bharath Srinivasan, Raksha Srinivas, Deveswaran Rajamanickam, Basavaraj Basappa Veerbadraiah, Madhavan Varadharajan

Drug release retarding polymers are the key performers in sustained release drug delivery system for which various natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic polymers have been investigated. The use of natural polymers over synthetic has gained importance due to their biodegradable, biocompatible, cost effectiveness and safety considerations. The present study deals with isolation of mucuna gum from the species of Mucuna flagillepes (Papillionaceae) and evaluating its suitability as a microencapsulating agent for delivery of propranolol hydrochloride. The gum was extracted from mucuna seeds by using 1% sodium-meta bisulphite as solvent followed by precipitation with acetone. The extracted gum was evaluated for physical characteristics like melting point, solubility, pH, total ash and micromeritic properties. Propranolol hydrochloride, a non selective beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent was chosen as a model drug for formulation of microspheres with different drug: polymer [1:1-2.5] ratios by emulsification solvent evaporation method. The microspheres were evaluated for yield, particle size, drug loading efficiency and in-vitro drug release studies. The drug-polymer compatibility was confirmed by IR spectroscopy. The yield of formulations was found to be between 79 to 90.3% with the average particle size between 55.8 to 74.5µm.The drug encapsulation efficiency of microspheres was found to be in the range of 67.7 to 89.9%. The in-vitro drug release studies revealed that the polymer had positive effect on the drug retarding efficiency. The selected microspheres showed sustained and complete drug release up to 12 hours. Thus mucuna gum as a natural biodegradable polymer proved to be a suitable drug release encapsulate.

Mucuna gumPropranolol Hydrochloridesustained release.

99,939 views

29,928 downloads

Contributors:

Bharath Srinivasan

Raksha Srinivas

Deveswaran Rajamanickam

Basavaraj Basappa Veerbadraiah

Madhavan Varadharajan

Research PaperID: AJPTR34049

Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Piperazine Derivatives

Somashekhar M, Mahesh AR

Ethyl piperazine is treated with 4- chloro nitrobenzene in presence of anhydrous potassium carbonate and methanol is used as a solvent forms 1 ethyl -4-[4-nitrophenyl] piperazine, then it is treated with iron dust in presence of hydrochloric acid and neutralized with sodium carbonate to form the 4-[4-ethyl piperazine-1-yl] anilline, it is reacted with n-chloro acetyl aryl amine in presence of anhydrous potassium carbonate forms the final product 1-[2-(aryl amino -2-oxoethyl ) - amino -4-(n-ethyl piperazine)] benzene derivatives were synthesized, the synthesized compounds were screened for their antibacterial activates against s. aures and e.coli by cup plates method . From screening results of some compounds found highly active against both gram – positive and gram – negative bacteria while other compounds possess moderate activity.

Ethyl PiperazinePotassium CarbonateN-Chloro Acetyl Aryl Amine.

100,113 views

30,105 downloads

Contributors:

Somashekhar M

Mahesh AR

Research PaperID: AJPTR34050

Development and Validation for the Determination of Related Substance in Irinotecan HCl formulation and its Stability Indicating Assay by RP- HPLC method

Rajasekaran Aiyalu, Rambabu Cherukuri, Dharuman Joghee

A simple isocratic RP-HPLC stability indicating method has been developed and subsequently validated for the determination of Irinotecan HCl and its related substance (SN-38) in pharmaceutical dosage forms as per ICH guidelines. The separation achieved on a reversed phase Phenomenex Luna C18 Column (5µ, 250 × 4.60 mm) as a stationary phase and 0.5% trichloro acetic acid: Acetonitrile: Methanol (60: 20: 20 v/v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The UV detection was performed at 372 nm. The retention time for Irinotecan HCl and SN-38 was found to be 8.65 and 7.30 min respectively. The detector response was linear in the concentration range of 30-150 µg/ml. The respective linear regression equation being Y= 5233.x + 13299 with R2 = 0.999. The percentage of Irinotecan HCl in pharmaceutical dosage form was found to be 100.5% and the percentage of related substance (SN-38) in formulation was found to be 0.19%. The limit of detection and the limit of quantification were found to be 0.014 µg/ml and 0.045 µg/ml respectively. The results of the study showed that, the proposed RP-HPLC method was simple, rapid, precise, accurate and stability indicating, which can be used for the routine determination of Irinotecan HCl and its related substance (SN-38) in pharmaceutical dosage form.

Irinotecan HClRelated substanceRP-HPLCSN-38.

100,058 views

30,010 downloads

Contributors:

Rajasekaran Aiyalu

Rambabu Cherukuri

Dharuman Joghee

Research PaperID: AJPTR34051

Scale Up of Doxycycline Hydrochloride Lipomer By Nanoprecipitation Using An Air Atomization Technique

Padma V. Devarajan, Vishvesh M. Joshi

The present study discusses scale up of asymmetric doxycycline hydrochloride (DH) LIPOMER (lipid polymer nanostructures) by nanoprecipitation. A solution of Doxycycline hydrochloride , Glyceryl monostearate and Gantrez AN119 in tetrahydrofuran was added to a non solvent phase comprising Isopropyl alcohol and water, under stirring to obtain doxycycline hydrochloride LIPOMER. At the 1X (400mg solids) scale the process was optimized to increase solute concentration and solvent to non solvent ratio while decreasing total solvent volume. At 10X scale varying the agitator speed, agitator type and number of baffles, at a maximum addition rate of 4mL/min, particles with an average size of ~455 nm were obtained with a 45° pitched six blade turbine agitator and baffles. Using the principle of geometric similarity the 10X batch, gradually scaled up to 240X (96 gm solids), revealed average particle size in the range 454 to 510 nm with >80% entrapment efficiency (EE).Using air atomization introducing small globules of the solvent phase (100 mL/min), in to the non solvent phase enabled a size of ~340 nm with 84% EE at 120X and 240X. DH LIPOMER exhibited good stability and asymmetric shape. More importantly LIPOMER in the desired size range (~300-600nm) for RES uptake was optimized. Air atomization presents a simple and practical approach for scaleup of nanoparticles by nanoprecipitation.

Doxycycline hydrochlorideLIPOMERscale upAir atomizationnanoprecipitationnanoparticles

100,450 views

30,053 downloads

Contributors:

Padma V. Devarajan

Vishvesh M. Joshi

Research PaperID: AJPTR34052

A New Validated RP-HPLC Method for the Estimation of Bosentan in Tablet Dosage Forms

K. Sujatha, C. Palavan, J.V.L.N. Seshagiri Rao

An accurate and precise high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for quantitative estimation of bosentan in tablet dosage forms. Chromatographic separation of the drug was achieved on a Kromasil C18 column (150 x 4.6 mm; 5µ) by eluting with a mobile phase consisting of phosphate buffer (pH 4.0) and acetonitrile (30:70 v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The drug in the eluate was monitored by U V detection at 270 nm. The retention time obtained for the drug was 3.54 min. The calibration curve plotted was linear over the range of 25-175 µg/mL of the drug. The validation of the method was done following the ICH guidelines. The proposed method could be applied for determination of bosentan in its tablet dosage forms without any interference from excipients. The method is suitable for routine quality control analysis of bosentan formulations.

BosentanEstimationTabletsHPLC

100,453 views

30,110 downloads

Contributors:

K. Sujatha

C. Palavan

J.V.L.N. Seshagiri Rao

Research PaperID: AJPTR34053

Method Development and Validation for Quantification of Betaine in Achyranthes aspera by HPLC

VB Krishna, Naira Nayeem

A simple, accurate, rapid and precise isocratic High performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed and validated for the quantification of betaine in Achyranthes aspera. The method employs Reversed Phase Phenomenex (US) C18 Column 250 x 4.6mm I.D, 5µ Particle Size system consisted of prominence LC-20AT gradient pumps, Prominence SIL- 20A Auto sampler and a Prominence SPD-M20A Diode Array Detector (SHIMADZU), Japan and flow rate of 1.0 ml/min with a load of 20μl. Water and acetonitrile was used as mobile phase in the composition of 10:90. The detection was carried out at 242 nm. Linearity range was 0.32-0.48 mg/ml. Retention time of betaine was found to 8.42 min. The recovery studies 98-103%. This method was validated for accuracy, precision, linearity and Robustness as per ICH guidelines. The method was found to be specific, selective, and robust.

Achyranthes asperaBetaineRP HPLCvalidation

100,316 views

30,096 downloads

Contributors:

VB Krishna

Naira Nayeem

Research PaperID: AJPTR34054

Formulation and in-vitro Evaluation of Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride Sustained Release Tablets using various Viscosity Grades of Hydroxypropyl Mythylcellulose

Sunil Kumar Padhy, Debashrita Sahoo, Debadatta Acharya, Jharna Mallick, Sradhanjali Patra

The primary objective of sustained release drug delivery system is to ensure safety and to improve efficacy of drugs as well as patient compliance. Using controlled drug delivery system the drug release pattern can be controlled within narrow therapeutic range, which leads to minimize the side effect and ensure the safety. The aim of the study is to design, characterize and evaluate ciprofloxacin hydrochloride sustained release tablets using various viscosity grades of HPMC. As ciprofloxacin HCl has very short half life (nearly 3½ to 4 hr) hence multidose therapy for conventional tablets, (250 mg, 500 mg twice a day) is necessary to get the desired therapeutic level. Hence in the presence study attempt has been made to formulate the sustained release tablets of ciprofloxacin HCl using different viscosity grades of HPMC i.e. HPMC K4m, HPMCK15M, HPMC K100M with different drug polymer ratio to reduce the dosing frequency, minimize the flections of plasma drug concentration, evaluation has been done of the prepared formulation and compared with the standard. The prepared granules were free flowing and characterized for drug content, DSC, X-ray diffraction study and FTIR. The X-ray diffraction study & DSC obtained from various formulations showed no interaction within these formulations. The in-vitro release studies were performed using pH 7.4 phosphate buffer for 12 hours from which the different drug polymer ratios are followed zero order kinetics.

Differential Scanning CalorimetryX-ray diffraction studyHydroxyl propyl Methyl Cellulosezero order kinetics

100,749 views

30,148 downloads

Contributors:

Sunil Kumar Padhy

Debashrita Sahoo

Debadatta Acharya

Jharna Mallick

Sradhanjali Patra

Research PaperID: AJPTR34055

Cytoprotective Effects of Musa Paradisiaca and in Combination with Catecholamines on Indomethacin-Induced Peptic Ulceration in Rats

Barnabas E. Herbert, Olorunfemi O. Joyce, Kingsley A. Chukwudum, Chidinma L. Onuebunwa

This study is designed to investigate the cytoprotective effect of the methanolic extract of Musa paradisiaca in combination with catecholamines on indomethacin-induced peptic ulcer. The pylorus ligation technique was used for cytoprotective and Anti-secretory action of the extract. Ulcerated control received distilled water, Group II - IV received 0.5 ml of the plant extract orally for 14 days. The rats were fasted for 48 hours after the end of the second week. 50mg/kg of adrenalin (Epinephrine) was administered to members of group II and 50mg/kg of dopamine was administered to members of group III. One hour later the animals were sacrificed, the stomachs were removed by laparastomy. The gastric lesions in the glandular region were assessed and measured to determine the ulcer index. Pylorus ligation in the group II, III and IV showed significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the ulcer index compared to group I. The ulcer index of Group I was 14.8±3.5 compared to Group II (8.2±1.4), Group III (4.8±1.7), and Group IV (3.0±1.1). The extract also showed 67.57% ulcer protection index against indomethacin. Results of the anti-secretory activity of the extract showed that treatment with M. paradisiaca resulted in a significant increase in gastric fluid after histamine stimulation when compared with the negative control as well as protect rats from ulceration after histamine administration. The results suggested that the methanolic extract of Musa paradisiaca possess cytoprotective effect against indomethacin-induced ulceration. This effect was however decreased when the extract is administered with catecholamines.

UlcercatecholamineMusa paradisiacaindomethacingastroprotectionpyloric ligation technique

100,926 views

30,211 downloads

Contributors:

Barnabas E. Herbert

Olorunfemi O. Joyce

Kingsley A. Chukwudum

Chidinma L. Onuebunwa

Research PaperID: AJPTR34056

Time Dependent Variations of Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Different Organs of Fresh Water Fish Cyprinus Carpio exposed to Synthetic Pyrethroids, Cypermethrin

Govindassamy P, Suganthy OM, Kalaiselvi A, Gowri B2Ramalingam V

The indiscriminate usage of various types of pesticides in the modern world has led to serious environmental hazards, threatening the survival of mankind. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of cypermethrin, a widely used synthetic pyrethroids pesticide, on antioxidant enzymatic defense system and lipid peroxidation in different organs of fresh water fish, Cyprinus carpio. Fishes were exposed to sub lethal concentration of cypermethrin for three different durations, 7, 14 and 21 days and were sacrificed 24 hrs after the exposure. The enzyme estimations were performed in gills, liver and brain by standard spectrophotometric methods and the values were compared with the controls. The activity of catalase was increased in gills and brain and decreased in the liver. The activity of superoxide dismutase was increased in gills and liver in all the durations and decreased in the brain. Glutathione peroxidase was decreased in all the three organs. In all the three organs, glutathione reductase and glutathione-s-transferase activity was significantly reduced. A significant increase in lipid peroxidation was observed in the liver, gills and brain of the fish following exposure to cypermethrin. In all the three organs studied the influence of cypermethrin was found to be exposure of time dependent.

CypermethrinCyprinus carpioAntioxidant enzymesLipid peroxidation

100,936 views

30,198 downloads

Contributors:

Govindassamy P

Suganthy OM

Kalaiselvi A

Gowri B2Ramalingam V

Research PaperID: AJPTR34057

Preparation and Evaluation of Stavudine loaded Chitosan and Eudragit Nanoparticles for Antiviral Therapy

T.Vyjayanthimala, Snehalatha, Bharathi DR, R. Yogananda, G. Lakshmi Radhika, Mallamma.T

The goal of the present investigation was to formulate and evaluate chitosan and Eudragit Nanoparticles of Stavudine for antiviral therapy. Nanoparticles of Stavudine were prepared using chitosan, Eudragit S 100, liquid paraffin and Tween-20 using Emulsion droplet coalescence method. The concentration of the polymers Chitosan and Eudragit S 100 were selected based on the results on preliminary screening. The nanoparticles prepared were evaluated for morphology, loading efficiency and in-vitro release. The particle shape and morphology of the prepared Stavudine nanoparticles were determined by SEM analysis. The amount of Stavudine entrapment in the nanoparticles was calculated by the difference between the total amount of drug added to the nanoparticle and the amount of non-entrapped drug remaining in the aqueous supernatant. A Franz diffusion cell was used to monitor Stavudine release from the nanoparticles. The formulations CF1, CF2, EF2 and EF3 showed good drug release from the polymer. The percentage cumulative drug release after 12 hours was 75.54, 75.89, 78.86 and 76.42% respectively. However about 15% initial burst release was found at 1 hour in all formulations. EF2 released 78.86% of Stavudine 12 hours with a burst drug release nearly 14.86% of drug within the initial 1 hour. Formulations 4 out of 8showed good drug release from the polymer, the percentage cumulative drug release after 12 hours were in the range of 72-78 %. Among the four formulations EF 2 (1% Chitosan & 1.5 % EudragitS 100) showed maximum drug release in 12 hours diffusion study and good entrapment efficiency. In-vitro antiviral study revealed thatthe formulated nanoparticles were found to have good viral activity on viral cells in sustained manner.

Emulsion droplet coalescencenanoparticleschitosanEudragitS 100Stavudine.

101,162 views

30,314 downloads

Contributors:

T.Vyjayanthimala

Snehalatha

Bharathi DR

R. Yogananda

G. Lakshmi Radhika

Mallamma.T

Research PaperID: AJPTR34058

Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of Some 1, 3 Thiazine Derivatives as Possible Antimicrobial Agents

Beena KP, Sooraj TV, Nissy Susan Abraham, Rishana P, Akelesh T

A series of [6-(p-substituted aminophenyl)-4-(p-substituted phenyl)—6H-1,3 thiazin-yl]-acetamides were synthesized via Claisen-Schmidt condensation. The titled compounds were characterized by IR, NMR analysis. The synthesized compounds were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activity disc diffusion method. Among the synthesized compounds, T-2 was found to have a strong antibacterial and antifungal activity. Compounds T-1, T-3, T-4 and T-5 were found to have promising antimicrobial activity.

ThiazinesAcetamidesClaisen-Schmidt ReactionAntibacterialAntifungal

101,157 views

30,449 downloads

Contributors:

Beena KP

Sooraj TV

Nissy Susan Abraham

Rishana P

Akelesh T

Research PaperID: AJPTR34059

Development and Validation of Stability Indicating RP-HPLC Assay Method of Eperisone HCl In Pure and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form

SharavanKumar M, Kumara Vyas M, Vardhan SVM* Rambabu C

Simple, accurate and stability-indicating reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for the determination of Eperisone HCl using a Phenomenex Luna C18 (250 x 4.6 mm) 5μm column and a mobile phase of buffer and methanol in the proportion of (30:70) pH 3.0 adjusted with o-phosphoric acid. The retention time of Eperisone HCl were found to be 9.050min respectively. Linearity was established for Eperisone HCl in the range of 50.25 to 150.75µg/ml, respectively. The percentage recovery of Eperisone HCl was found to be in the range of 98.96-99.68% respectively. The selected drug were subjected to acid, alkali and neutral hydrolysis, oxidation, dry heat, photolytic and UV degradation and the degradation studies revealed, Eperisone HCl is well resolved from the pure form with significant differences in their retention time values. This method can be successfully employed for the quantitative analysis of Eperisone HCl in pure and formulation.

Eperisone HClstability indicating methodRP-HPLC.

101,301 views

30,477 downloads

Contributors:

SharavanKumar M

Kumara Vyas M

Vardhan SVM* Rambabu C

Research PaperID: AJPTR34060

Validated RP- HPLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Metaxalone and Diclofenac potassium in Combined Dosage Form

K. Vinod kumar, M.sudhakar, Y Padmanabha Reddy, A. Ravindra

A simple, accurate, precise, specific, sensitive, reproducible and Reliable RP- HPLC Method was developed for Quantitative Estimation of Metaxalone and Diclofenac potassium in Pharmaceutical Dosage Form. The developed RP- HPLC method with the mobile phase Methanol: Water (80: 20) and Qualisilgold-C18 (250Χ4.6mm, 5μm particle size) as stationary phase with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/minute by using λmax 275nm and PDA detector. Proposed method was found to be linear in the concentration range of 8.0 to 80.0 μg/mL for Metaxalone and 1.0 to 10.0 μg/mL for Diclofenac potassium respectively, and the correlation coefficient was found to be 0.9991 for both the drugs. Precision study showed that the % RSD was within the range of acceptable limits (< 2), and the % Recovery was found to be in the range of 99.29%-101.28% for Metaxalone and 99.98%-102.45% for Diclofenac potassium. The proposed method has been validated as per ICH guidelines.

RP- HPLCMetaxaloneDiclofenac potassiumPDAICHMethod validation.

101,229 views

30,416 downloads

Contributors:

K. Vinod kumar

M.sudhakar

Y Padmanabha Reddy

A. Ravindra

Research PaperID: AJPTR34061

Formulation and Development of Alfuzosin Hydrochloride Buoyant In-Situ gel

Neema Gajanan Palekar, Ramchandra Vishnu Keny

The aim of the present study was to design a buoyant in-situ gel of Alfuzosin HCl for use in management of Benign Prostrate Hyperplasia (BPH). The attempt was made to provide sustain drug release as well as prolong gastric retention thus improving bioavailability of the drug along with the added advantage of liquid oral dosage forms. The devised phase transition systems are to be administered in liquid form and gels in-situ on coming in contact with gastric fluid. Such liquid formulations are devised taking into consideration the geriatric patients who mostly founds difficult to swallow the solid oral dosage forms. Different prototypes were formulated, using Gellan gum, Sodium alginate and combination of both in-situ gelling polymers. HPMC K100M was incorporated as release retarding agent also used as strength forming polymer. Calcium Carbonate imparts buoyancy and also acts as cross-linking agent. Sodium citrate is used for liquefying solution, which act as sequestering agent by forming a complex with calcium carbonate (Ca+2) and thus delays the gelation until the preparation reaches the acidic environment of stomach. The evaluation was carried out for In Vitro parameters and the results substantiated that the optimized formulation (S4A) revealed excellent floating characteristics and gastric retention. The results of dissolution studies was fitted into five different mathematical models and subjected to regression analysis. The drug release from all formulations was found to follow Zero order kinetics and shows to best fit Peppa’s equations exhibiting fickian diffusion release mechanism.

Buoyant in-situ gelAlfuzosin HClBPHPeppa’s equations.

101,644 views

30,541 downloads

Contributors:

Neema Gajanan Palekar

Ramchandra Vishnu Keny

Research PaperID: AJPTR34062

Engineered Mucoadhesive Buccal Films of Repaglinide – Optimization and Quality Evaluation

Shraddha Anand Halarnkar, Ramchandra Vishnu Keny

Buccal mucosa is a potential site for the delivery of drugs to the systemic circulation in a sustained manner; avoiding the first-pass metabolism. The goal of present investigation was to design and evaluate mucoadhesive buccal films of Repaglinide in order to avoid first-pass effect and release the drug for extended period of time. The Buccal films were formulated using polymers, Carbopol-971P and HPMC K4M, by solvent casting method; using PEG 400 as plasticizer. In this study, an attempt has been made to prepare Repaglinide inclusion complex; to enhance its solubility and was incorporated into the mucoadhesive buccal films in order to improve the bioavailability. A comparative study has been done between; uncomplexed Repaglinide loaded buccal films and inclusion complex loaded buccal films. The films prepared were evaluated for various physicochemical parameters and in vitro drug release. It was observed that inclusion complex loaded buccoadhesive films showed higher cumulative percentage of drug release at the end of 8 hours. The release data obtained was analyzed using various mathematical models. The Repaglinide loaded films followed zero order kinetics with principle mechanism of drug release being fickian diffusion. Whereas the inclusion complex loaded films followed zero order kinetics and exhibited non-fickian diffusion mechanism. HCC1 formulation having acceptable physicochemical parameters and with highest cumulative percentage of drug release (95.18%) at the end of 8 hours was chosen as optimum formulation and its short term stability studies revealed adequate stability of the formulation.

Buccal patchesRepaglinideCarbopol-971PHPMC K4Minclusion complex.

101,760 views

30,475 downloads

Contributors:

Shraddha Anand Halarnkar

Ramchandra Vishnu Keny

Research PaperID: AJPTR34063

Studies on the Microspheres of Baclofen

Snehal D Mali, Swapna R Khochage, Sucheta B Rananavare, Manoj M Nitalikar

The sustained release of Baclofen is desired because of its short biological half-life. Microspheres of Baclofen were prepared using the non-aqueous emulsification solvent evaporation method. The impacts of different factors such as type of Eudragit polymer as matrix polymer, Eudragit: HPMC K4M ratio on the characteristics of the microspheres were investigated. The morphology of microspheres was studied using optical and scanning electron microscopy and it was shown that microspheres had a spherical shape and smooth surface. The percentage yield of microspheres of all formulation was in the range of 94.01% to 99.12%. The drug content determination showed that even if the polymer composition was changed the solvent evaporation process was highly efficient to give microspheres having maximum drug loading. In termination, the prolonged sustained release time and enhanced stability resulting from the Baclofen microspheres might make contribution to its use.

sustained release microspherenon-aqueous emulsification solvent evaporation methodBaclofenentrapment efficiency.

101,890 views

30,592 downloads

Contributors:

Snehal D Mali

Swapna R Khochage

Sucheta B Rananavare

Manoj M Nitalikar

Research PaperID: AJPTR34064

Usage of DNA Fingerprint for exploring the concept of Pratinidhi Dravya (substitution) in Ayurveda -a ray of hope in Demarcation of Substitutes and Adulterants.

Pravin R. Joshi, C R Harisha, Bhupesh R. Patel, Anita P. Joshi(Kulkarni), K.R Maruthi, Sudha

In the current status there is no explicit demarcation methodology on finding of substitutes (Pratinidhi Dravya). Thus here an attempt has been made to find out substitute by DNA fingerprinting on the basis of similarity and dissimilarity. In this study two samples Alysicarpus longifolius W. & A.Prodr.- Fabaceae, Desmodium laxiflorum DC i.e. of same family, same genus with different species were subjected to fingerprints. In this data we find a more similarities characteristics in both the plants i.e. up to 63%. As per the knowledge of research scientist this is a first moral attempt which throwing lights on concept of Pratinidhi Dravya (Substitution) in Ayurvedic science.

Pratinidhi drayaAlysicarpus longifoliusDesmodium laxiflorumRAPDfinger prints.

101,761 views

30,612 downloads

Contributors:

Pravin R. Joshi

C R Harisha

Bhupesh R. Patel

Anita P. Joshi(Kulkarni)

K.R Maruthi

Sudha

Research PaperID: AJPTR34065

Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Aegle Marmelos linn. Leaf

Hiral K Modi, Vishnu M Patel

Aegle marmelos, commonly known as Bael tree belonging to family Rutaceae is moderately sized, deciduous tree throught in dry forest hill of India & Central & Southern Asian countries. The different parts of plant contain numerous phytoconstituents like alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins, essential oil etc. In this present study pharmacognostic evaluation is carried out which includes macroscopy, quantitative analysis & Phytochemical Screening. The various leaf extracts were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening which will help in future for the standardization of formulation containing A.marmelos.

Aegel marmelosRutaceaePhytoconstituents

102,071 views

30,703 downloads

Contributors:

Hiral K Modi

Vishnu M Patel

Research PaperID: AJPTR34066

HPTLC Finger Print of Phytophenols and Flavonoids of Artimisia Nilagirica under Different Extraction Regimen

Manas R. Senapati, Prakash C. Behera, Subas C. Parija, Purna C. Bisoi

To detect and estimate the phenolics and flavonoids of Artimisia nilagirica in different solvents under Cold Percolation (CP), Micro-Wave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) system and by HPTLC finger print analysis. Preliminary screening of phenolic components in hexane treated chlorophyll free extracts of solvent groups was studied qualitatively by specific chemical tests and total polyphenols and flavonoids were estimated quantitatively by UV-VIS-Spectrophotometer following CP and MAE system. Distinct chemo-profile of the extracts was analyzed by HPTLC technique with CAMAG TLC plate Heater-III, CAMAG-TLC scanner-3, Optical Filter K-400 and CAMAG win CATS planar chromatography manager software. Among two methods of extraction more components of polyphenols were detected and significantly higher contents of phenolics and flavonoids were estimated in MAE method than CP method. Out of two solvent types, organic solvent mixtures recovered significantly higher polyphenols and flavonoids in comparison to aqueous solvent where 80% methanol was to extract the maximum. HPTLC finger print analysis of phenolics revealed 7 (Rf 0.02- 0.93), 15 (Rf 0.01- 0.93), 16 (Rf 0.01- 0.89), 10 (Rf 0.01- 0.98) and 12 peaks (Rf 0.01- 0.93) for water, 80% methanol, ethanol, acetone and mixture solvents respectively under traditional CP method. But, in MAE method the peaks were 10 (Rf 0.01- 0.97), 19 (Rf 0.01- 0.92), 19 (Rf 0.01- 0.96), 16 (Rf 0.01- 0.99) and 16 (Rf 0.01- 0.95) respectively. Phyto-chemicals can be better screened qualitatively and estimated quantitatively in organic solvent extracts under MAE system by HPTLC finger print analysis than the aqueous solvent and CP method.

Artimisia nilagiricapolyphenolflavonoidHPTLC finger print.

102,287 views

30,722 downloads

Contributors:

Manas R. Senapati

Prakash C. Behera

Subas C. Parija

Purna C. Bisoi

Research PaperID: AJPTR34067

Development and Validation of Second Order Derivative Spectrophotometric Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Desloratidine and Pseudoephedrine HCl In Combined Dosage Form

Hussain Raviteja. K, Mahesh Nasare, V. V. L. N. Prasad, Prakash V. Diwan

A simple, rapid and specific Second order derivative spectroscopic method with good sensitivity was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of Desloratidine and Pseudoephedrine HCl in pharmaceutical dosage form. In Ethanol, the quantitative determination of both drugs carried out using second derivatives values measured at 268 and 271 nm for Desloratidine and Pseudoephedrine HCl respectively using a Shimadzu UV-Visible spectrophotometer. In this proposed method both drugs obeyed linearity within the concentration range of 5-30 µg/ml and 80-800 µg/ml for Desloratidine and Pseudoephedrine HCl respectively. The low RSD values indicate good precision and high recovery values indicate accuracy of the proposed method. The proposed method has been applied to the determination of drugs in commercial formulations. Assay results were in good agreement with label claim. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines. The developed method was simple, accurate, precise, specific, sensitive and reproducible which can be efficiently and easily applied to pharmaceutical dosage forms.

Desloratidine (DES)Pseudoephedrine HCl (PSE)UV-Visible spectrophotometerSecond Order Derivative Spectroscopy.

102,442 views

30,662 downloads

Contributors:

Hussain Raviteja. K

Mahesh Nasare

V. V. L. N. Prasad

Prakash V. Diwan

Research PaperID: AJPTR34068

Formulation and Evaluation of Microparticles Formed by In Situ Micronization Technique: Optimization of Process Parameters

Praveen D. Chaudhari, Pravin S. Uttekar, Ujwala S. Desai, Deepak Pawar

Aceclofenac is a non steroidal anti- inflammatory drug characterized by low solubility and high permeability which corresponds to BCS class II drug. The strategy of increasing the in vitro dissolution has the potential to enhance the oral bioavailability when using nanosized crystalline drugs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a novel in situ micronization method avoiding any milling techniques to produce nano- or microsized drug particles by controlled crystallization to enhance the dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drugs. Aceclofenac microcrystals were prepared by the association of the previously molecularly dispersed drug using a rapid solvent change process. The drug was precipitated in the presence of stabilizing agents, such as hydrocolloids. The obtained dispersion was spray-dried. Particle size, morphology, flow property, zeta potential and dissolution rate were analyzed. Physicochemical properties were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffractometry. The obtained dispersions showed a homogeneous particle size distribution. Drugs are obtained in a mean particle size of approximately 3µm and below. A high specific surface area was created and in situ stabilized. The surface was hydrophilized because of the adsorbed stabilizer. The solubility of the drug was increased by 2 folds. Thus, a drug powder with markedly enhanced dissolution rate was obtained. In situ micronization is a suitable method for the production of micro-sized drugs. This technique can be performed continuously or discontinuously and uses only common technical equipment. Compared to milled products drug properties are optimized as all particle surfaces are naturally grown, the particle size is more uniformly distributed and the powder is less cohesive.

Aceclofenacmicroparticlesin situ micronizationparticle sizesolubilitydissolution rate.

102,235 views

30,752 downloads

Contributors:

Praveen D. Chaudhari

Pravin S. Uttekar

Ujwala S. Desai

Deepak Pawar

Research PaperID: AJPTR34069

Determination of Residual Solvents In Bulk Drug and Formulations

Pardeep Singh, Manish Sinha

Solvents are widely used during the manufacturing, purification and processing of pharmaceutical substances. The residues of these solvents must be removed to the extent possible, as they do not have any therapeutic effect but can cause undesirable effects in the consumers. These solvent residues concentration should not exceed the limits prescribed in the ICH guidelines. This present review work is emphasized on various techniques (Loss on drying, karl fischer titration, Thermogravimetric analysis, Near- IR spectroscopy, Thermal desorption GC-MS, Gas chromatography, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) that are being used to remove the residual solvents with their merits and demerits.

Residual solventsrestricted limits

102,410 views

30,829 downloads

Contributors:

Pardeep Singh

Manish Sinha

Research PaperID: AJPTR34070

Review on Polymers in Drug Delivery

Swathimutyam Pallerla, Bala Prabhakar

Polymers have been used as a main tool to control the drug release rate from the formulations. Extensive applications of polymers in drug delivery have been realized because polymers offer unique properties which so far have not been attained by any other materials. Advances in polymer science have led to the development of several novel drug-delivery systems. A proper consideration of surface and bulk properties can aid in the designing of polymers for various drug-delivery applications. These newer technological developments include drug modification by chemical means, carrier based drug delivery and drug entrapment in polymeric matrices or within pumps that are placed in desired bodily compartments. These technical development in drug delivery/targeting approaches improve the efficacy of drug therapy thereby improve human health. Polymer chemists and chemical engineers, pharmaceutical scientists are engaged in bringing out design predictable, controlled delivery of bio active agents. Biodegradable polymers have been widely used in biomedical applications because of their known biocompatibility and biodegradability. In general natural polymers offer fewer advantages than synthetic polymers. The following review presents an overview of the different biodegradable polymers that are currently being used, their properties, as well as new developments in their applications.

Biodegradable systemsControlled drug deliveryNatural PolymersNovel drug deliveryPolymersSynthetic Polymers.

102,810 views

30,740 downloads

Contributors:

Swathimutyam Pallerla

Bala Prabhakar

Volume 16, Issue 1Current

2026 • 6 articles

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2025 • 17 articles

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2025 • 15 articles

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2025 • 10 articles

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Editorial: August 2013 Issue 4

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