Vinod Singh

In this article forced degradation is a degradation of drug product and new drug substance at different condition more severe accelerated condition. The forced degradation studies ensure chemical behavior of the molecule which in turn helps the development of formulation and packaging. The HPLC is an essential analytical tool in assessing drug and product stability. It insists various conditions like humidity, temperature, light and environmental factors which may affects the drug substance and drug product.

Weeds are considered troublesome and undesirable component leading to enormous reduction in crop yield, wastages of resources and human energy. An attempt has been made to evaluate the effect extracts of four obnoxious weeds, Argemone mexicana, Parthenium hysterophorus, Cyperus rotundus Lin., Verbesina encelioides on the mitotic activity of germination of mung beans. Metabolites were extracted in methanol, acetone , hexane and distilled water using soxhlet extraction and assayed for the presence of bioactive metabolites. Presence of terpenes, flavonoids and quinines were observed in the methanol extract of all the weeds and hexane extracts indicated the presence of glycosides and flavonoids. Based on percentage inhibition studies, it was found water extracts followed by acetone extracts for all the weeds were most potent as a growth inhibitor. Argemone Mexicana and Parthenium hysterophoresus were found to be most potent in inhibiting mitotic activity and growth although statistical significance (P

Many historical limestone and sandstone monuments in Bhopal are seriously threatened by bio-deterioration and are in need of investigation and conservation. Bio-deterioration processes result from complex interactions of surface-invading microbes (such as fungi) with the surface material. The present investigation focuses on the conservation of monuments by determining the antifungal effect of azoles against the fungal isolates isolated from the monuments of Bhopal: Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, Rhizopus arrhizus and Penicillium sp.We determined the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antimicrobial agents using the guidelines of National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (M38-A). To determine MICs, the inoculums of the above isolates were exposed to itraconazole, ketoconazole, fluconazole, griseofulvin and clotrimazole. We found that the order of in vitro activity of these antifungal agents against the fungal isolates is Itraconazole> Ketoconazole >Clotrimazole = Fluconazole = Griseofulvin. This result suggests that the use of Itraconazole and Ketoconazole should be a primary consideration in the conservation of monuments. Spraying or painting with these antifungal drugs could protect the monuments from fungal biofilm development.

Dental caries is the major public health problem that disturbs all countries in the world. Streptococcus mutans is considered as a chief culprit of this infectious disease and biofilm formation potential is the major virulence trait of this pathogen. In the era of antimicrobial resistance it is important to understand the virulence mechanism and antimicrobial sensitivity of S. mutans globally. The objective of the study was to investigate the biofilm formation potential and antimicrobial sensitivity of clinical isolates of S. mutans. Biofilm formation potential of 100 clinical isolates was studied by microtiter plate assay and coverslip assay and antimicrobial sensitivity was assessed by disc diffusion method. Our results showed that out of 100 clinical isolates 92 (92%) showed strong biofilm forming capability and 8 (8%) clinical isolates showed moderate biofilm formation potential. Antimicrobial sensitivity results showed that 72 (72%) isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, 65 (65%) isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol, 40 (40%) isolates were resistant to doxicycline, 46 (46%) isolates were resistant to erythromycin, 32 (32%) isolates were resistant to ofloxacin, 61 (61%) isolates were  resistant to tetracycline and only 17 (17%) isolates of S. mutans were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanate. Our results suggest that combination therapy is more effective against cariogenic S. mutans and biofilm formation potential of this organism indicates the powerful contribution in pathogenesis. Ultimately, new combination therapies and inhibitors of biofilm formation are urgently needed. Key words: antimicrobial, biofilm, dental caries, S. mutans, therapy, virulence

Probiotics are the live microbial feed supplement which benefitted the host when administered in a certain number. Probiotics have been within our domestic use for as long as people have eaten fermented milk, curd, butter milk, but their association with health benefits dates only from the turn of the last century, when Metchnikoff drew attention to the beneficial effects of some gut microflora on the host, and suggested that ingestion of fermented milk products ameliorated this so-called auto-intoxication. Species of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Bacillus, Streptococcus, Lactococcus and Saccharomyces are used as Probiotics. Probiotics are purposely used for their immunomodulatory, antilipidemic, antitoxin, antimicrobial and anti-allergic properties. There is an endless list of Probiotics properties. In spite of these properties Probiotics are immensely showing fruitful results against diarrhea and stomach disorders like Irritable bowel syndrome, Antibiotic associated diarrhea, Pancreatitis, Clostridium difficle infection, Radiation induced diarrhea, Traveler’s diarrhea etc. It increases IgA level and other immunoglobulins secreted cells in the intestinal mucosa and stimulate local release of interferons. It facilitates antigen transport to underlying lymphoid cells, which serves to increase antigen uptake in Peyer's patches. Present review has been aimed to discuss the role of Probiotics in diarrhea which is very common in developing countries like India. Keywords: Probiotics, Stomach disorders, Gastroenteritis, Irritable bowel disease