Thosar.Milind M

Transdermal absorption of the drugs are controlled primarily by physiochemical property of  stratum corneum.Intercellular lipid domain and lipoprotein gel offers major resistance to penetration of drugs through stratum corneum to deep into epidermis. Penetration enhancement techniques are designed to modify the physiochemical properties of stratum corneum and in some to deliver drugs by piercing the skin to bypass skin barrier. Skin penetration enhancement techniques have been developed to improve bioavailability and increase the range of drugs for which transdermal delivery is a viable option. Various chemical techniques like ion pairs, medical tattoos,prodrug administration, Inclusion of penetration enhancers, Metered dose transdermal spray etc. along with some  physical method of transdermal delivery including Iontophoresis,Electro-osmosis,Ultrasound,laser radiation etc. are reviewed in this article. Key words: Transdermal delivery, stratum corneum, penetration enhancement

Osteoporosis is major problem in women and geriatric patients where antiresorptive agents are normally recommended. Bisphosphonates (BPs), which have proven efficacy in terms of bone resorption reduction, increase of bone in mineral density, and reduction in fracture risk. Although the oral bioavability of Bisphosphonates is low, their clinical efficacy favors oral administration. Currently marketed oral bisphosphonates preparations suffer from the drawback of discontinuation of therapy due to side effects. This paper provides a comprehensive review of literature on various approaches and technologies attempted to improve the bioavailability and reduce gastric intolerance of oral bisphosphonates. Simultaneously future opportunities for oral delivery of bisphosphonates are also examined. Key words: Bisphosphonates, side effects, poor oral bioavailability, approaches, patented technology, future opportunities.