Swapnil R. Patil

Microspheres are free flowing particles ranging from 1-1000u. Microspheres are having wide applications in drug delivery system. They are mainly used for targeted drug delivery of anti-cancer agents, ophthalmic agent and can be used for diagnosis purpose. In this article detail discussion was made on the polymers, preparation methods and applications of microspheres in pharmaceutical dosage form development. General methods of preparation are emulsion techniques, phase separation coacervation techniques, spray drying and spray congealing and solvent extraction, in-situ polymerization etc.  Advantages of microspheres use are targeted drug delivery, optimal therapeutic effects and minimum side effects. Recent trends are floating microspheres, radio immobilization using microspheres. Gastro-retentive floating microspheres are low-density systems that have sufficient buoyancy to float over gastric contents and remain in stomach for prolonged period. The drug is released slowly at desired rate resulting in increased gastric retention with reduced fluctuations in plasma drug concentration.

Colon-specific drug delivery systems (CDDS) are desirable for the treatment of a range of local diseases such as ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, irritable bowel syndrome, chronic pancreatitis, and colonic cancer. In addition, the colon can be a potential site for the systemic absorption of several drugs to treat non-colonic conditions. Drugs such as proteins and peptides that are known to degrade in the extreme gastric pH, if delivered to the colon intact, can be systemically absorbed by colonic mucosa. In order to achieve effective therapeutic outcomes, it is imperative that the designed delivery system specifically targets the drugs into the colon. Several formulation approaches have been explored in the development colon-targeted drug delivery systems. Colon targeting holds a great potential and still need more innovative work. This review article discusses introduction of colon, need and approaches of colonic drug delivery, factor effecting colonic transition, colonic diseases and the novel and emerging technologies for colon targeting.

To develop and validate simple, rapid, linear, accurate, precise and economical UV Spectroscopic method for estimation of Climbazole in Climbazole shampoo. The drug is freely soluble in organic solvents such as Chloroform and Methanol. The drug was identified in terms of solubility studies and on the basis of melting point done on Melting Point Apparatus of Equiptronics. It showed absorption maxima were determined in Methanol: Water (50:50). The drug obeyed the Beer’s law and showed good correlation of concentration with absorption which reflect in linearity. The UV spectroscopic method was developed for estimation of Climbazole in shampoo dosage form and also validated as per ICH guidelines. The drug is freely soluble in organic solvents such as Methanol, Chloroform. So, the Analytical Grade Methanol: Water is used as a diluent in equal proportion for method. The melting point of Climbazole was found to be 93-94?C (uncorrected). It showed absorption maxima 256 nm in Methanol: Water (50:50). On the basis of absorption spectrum the working concentration was set on 6µg/ml (PPM). The linearity was observed between 2-10 μg/ml (PPM). The results of analysis were validated by recovery studies. The recovery was found to be 98.75, 98.00 and 99.17% for three levels respectively. The % RSD for precision was found to be 0.47%. A simple, rapid, linear, accurate, precise and economical UV Spectroscopic method has been developed for estimation of Climbazole in shampoo dosage form. The method could be considered for the determination of Climbazole in quality control laboratories.

Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) belonging to valerianaceae family is a well-known herb and medicinal plant that has been widely used all over the world especially in Europe, China and Middle East. It is widely used as a sleep aid and sedative in many parts of the world but is also known to relax smooth muscle, hence used for treating  stomach and intestine cramps. Alkaloids, terpenes, organic acids and its derivatives, valepotriates and flavones are the known pharmacologically active compounds found in valerian extract. In general, it is accepted that the valepotriates are the compounds responsible for the sedative activity of the Valerianaceae. The present article aims at reviewing the recent reports on its constituents, traditional use, clinical use and scientific verification of pharmacological actions of valerian.

To develop and validate simple, rapid, linear, accurate, precise and economical UV Spectroscopic method for estimation of Fluconazole in tablet dosage form. The drug is freely soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol, DMSO, and dimethyl formamide. The drug was identified in terms of solubility studies and on the basis of melting point done on Melting Point Apparatus of Equiptronics. It showed absorption maxima were determined in Ethanol. The drug obeyed the Beer’s law and showed good correlation of concentration with absorption which reflect in linearity. The UV spectroscopic method was developed for estimation of Fluconazole in tablet dosage form and also validated as per ICH guidelines. The drug is freely soluble in organic solvents such as Ethanol, DMSO, and Dimethyl Formamide. So, the Analytical Grade Ethanol is used as a diluent in method. The melting point of Fluconazole was found to be 139-140?C (uncorrected). It showed absorption maxima 252 nm in Ethanol. On the basis of absorption spectrum the working concentration was set on 60µg/ml (PPM). The linearity was observed between 20-100 μg/ml (PPM). The results of analysis were validated by recovery studies. The recovery was found to be 98.75, 101.00 and 100.83% for three levels respectively. The % RSD for precision was found to be 0.78%. A simple, rapid, linear, accurate, precise and economical UV Spectroscopic method has been developed for estimation of Fluconazole in tablet dosage form. The method could be considered for the determination of Fluconazole in quality control laboratories.

To develop and validate simple, rapid, linear, accurate, precise and economical UV Spectroscopic method for estimation of Valsartan in tablet dosage form. The drug is freely soluble in analytical grade Ethanol, Methanol and Acetonitrile. The drug was identified in terms of solubility studies and on the basis of melting point done on Melting Point Apparatus of Equiptronics. It showed absorption maxima were determined in diluent Methanol: Water (50:50) ratio. The drug obeyed the Beer’s law and showed good correlation of concentration with absorption which reflect in linearity. The UV spectroscopic method was developed for estimation of Valsartan in tablet dosage form and also validated as per ICH guidelines. The drug is freely soluble in analytical grade Ethanol, Methanol, Acetonitrile and sparingly soluble in water. So, the analytical grade Methanol: water (50:50) is used as a diluent in method. The melting point of Valsartan was found to be 115-116?C (uncorrected). It showed absorption maxima 250 nm in Methanol: Water (50:50) ratio. On the basis of absorption spectrum the working concentration was set on 20µg/ml (PPM). The linearity was observed between 10-30 μg/ml (PPM). The results of analysis were validated by recovery studies. The recovery was found to be 98.75, 101.00 and 99.17% for three levels respectively. The % RSD for precision was found to be 0.35%. A simple, rapid, linear, accurate, precise and economical UV Spectroscopic method has been developed for estimation of Valsartan in tablet dosage form. The method could be considered for the determination of Valsartan in quality control laboratories. Keywords: Valsartan, Development, UV Spectrophotometer, Melting Point, Assay Method, Validation, Accuracy, Linearity, Ruggedness, Precision.

To develop and validate simple, rapid, linear, accurate, precise and economical UV Spectroscopic method for estimation of Ivabridine HCl in tablet dosage form. The drug is freely soluble in analytical grade water. The drug was identified in terms of solubility studies and on the basis of melting point done on melting point apparatus of Equiptronics. It showed absorption maxima were determined in analytical grade water. The drug obeyed the Beer’s law and showed good correlation of concentration with absorption which reflect in linearity. The UV spectroscopic method was developed for estimation of Ivabridine HCl in tablet dosage form and also validated as per ICH guidelines. The drug is soluble in analytical grade water, slightly soluble in methanol and freely soluble in ethanol. So, the analytical grade water is used as a diluent in method. The melting point of Ivabridine HCl was found to be 194-195?C (uncorrected). It showed absorption maxima 260 nm in analytical grade water. On the basis of absorption spectrum the working concentration was set on 6µg/ml (PPM). The linearity was observed between 2-10 μg/ml (PPM). The results of analysis were validated by recovery studies. The recovery was found to be 98.75, 98.33 and 101.25% for three levels respectively. The % RSD for precision was found to be 0.54%. A simple, rapid, linear, accurate, precise and economical UV Spectroscopic method has been developed for estimation of Ivabridine HCl in tablet dosage form. The method could be considered for the determination of Ivabridine HCl in quality control laboratories. Keywords: Ivabridine HCl, UV Spectrophotometer, Melting Point, Assay Method, Validation, Accuracy, Linearity, Ruggedness, Precision.

To develop and validate simple, rapid, linear, accurate, precise and economical UV Spectroscopic method for estimation of Lansoprazole in Capsule dosage form. The drug is soluble in analytical grade Methanol. The drug was identified in terms of solubility studies and on the basis of melting point done on melting point apparatus of Equiptronics. It showed absorption maxima were determined in analytical grade Methanol. The drug obeyed the Beer’s law and showed good correlation of concentration with absorption which reflect in linearity. The UV spectroscopic method was developed for estimation of Lansoprazole in Capsule dosage form and also validated as per ICH guidelines. The drug is freely soluble in Dimethylformamide, soluble in analytical grade Methanol, sparingly soluble in Ethanol, slightly soluble in Ethyl Acetate, Dichloromethane and Acetonitrile. So, the analytical grade Methanol is used as a diluent in method. The melting point of Lansoprazole was found to be 179-180ËšC (uncorrected). It showed absorption maxima 285 nm in analytical grade Methanol. On the basis of absorption spectrum the working concentration was set on 10µg/ml (PPM). The linearity was observed between 6-14 μg/ml (PPM). The results of analysis were validated by recovery studies. The recovery was found to be 98.75, 99.00 and 100.80 % for three levels respectively. The % RSD for precision was found to be 0.9039 %.A simple, rapid, linear, accurate, precise and economical UV Spectroscopic method has been developed for estimation of Lansoprazole in Capsule dosage form. The method could be considered for the determination of Lansoprazole in quality control laboratories.