Prashant Kumar

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) characterized by progressive decline in Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR), is major public health issue associated with morbidity and mortality. Anaemia is one of the most common problems causing morbidity in patients with CKD while they are on dialysis.  Erythropoietin is a major advance in the management of anaemia in CKD which stimulates erythropoiesis by increasing proliferation and maturation of erythroid progenitors and thereby treats anaemia. Prescribing pattern, effectiveness and cost of erythropoietin therapy in patients with chronic kidney disease. This was a Prospective and Observational study conducted for 06 months after obtaining IEC from Apollo Multi-Specialty Hospital, Bengaluru. Patients were enrolled based on enrolment criteria. Data were analysed using suitable statistical tool. Of 152 patients enrolled, 77 (50.65%) patients were in the age group ≥ 60 years, second generation ESAs was mostly prescribed 119(78.28%) than third 01(0.65%) and first 32(21.05%). Significant increase in Haemoglobin, RBC, PCV was observed. We have demonstrated that ESAs were prescribed majorly in Nephrology compared to medicine department. Second generation ESAs were prescribed mostly, darbepoetin alfa 40mcg were preferred over other doses. The changes in Hb, PCV and RBC were significant suggesting ESAs as effective. The side effects reported were less, common and mostly unrelated to ESAs. Based on these finding, we suggest that ESAs is prescribed majorly in Nephrology and is effective and safe in managing anaemia of CKD.

The traditional formulations like solution, suspension or emulsion suffer from certain limitations like high dose and low bioavailability, first pass metabolism, intolerance, instability and also exhibit fluctuations in plasma drug levels and do not provide sustained effect, therefore, there is a need for some novel carriers which could attain ideal requirements of a drug delivery system. Nanoparticles delivery system has been proved nearly ideal one. Nanoparticles are, a type of colloidal drug carrier system comprising particles with diameter of nano-metric range. The rapid development of nanotechnology and nano-materials has led to a need for nanoparticle surface modification for a variety of applications. The surface can be tailored to specific physical, optical, electronic, chemical, and biomedical properties by coating a thin film of material on the surface of the nanoparticles. The coating or encapsulation of nanoparticles has been found to be of particular interest for the controlled release of drugs, genes and other bioactive agents. Controlled release systems provide the benefits of protection from rapid degradation, targeting delivery, control of the release rate and prolonged duration of bioactive agents. This article have a keen emphasize on the techniques used for the formulation of nanoparticles and their coating too along with associated cautions and significance related to special applications which reveals a better way to choose the suitable and efficacious technique to obtain a nano-sized formulation. It also reveals the need of regulatory framework for handling of nanoparticles.