Birendra Shrivastava

Both Qualitative and Quantitative analysis plays a significant role in promising the safety and therapeutic efficacy of drugs in variety dosage forms. A bioanalytical method is a set of procedures involved in the collection, processing, storage, and analysis of a biological matrix for a chemical compound. Bioanalytical studies are employed to obtain a quantitative measure of the drug or its metabolites for the study of pharmacokinetics, toxicokinetic, bioequivalence and exposure-response like pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic studies. Leukotriene receptor antagonists are widely used for the treatment and management of bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis in different dosage forms. Drugs of this class are Zafirlukast, Montelukast and Pranlukast which are being potent drugs and are more than 99% bound to plasma proteins presenting special challenges in the development and validation of analytical methods from a variety of matrices. The main objective of this review is discussion on various analytical methods used, different solvents used as mobile phase and their retention times to understand final optimized chromatographic method which could be useful for the assessment of Pharmacokinetic parameters. Among different analytical methods, HPLC, LC-MS, UV-Visible spectroscopy and spectroflourimetric techniques are the most widely preferred techniques applied by the researchers worldwide. This review article gives information about various types of extraction procedures of the drug in plasma matrices to create an optimized method for method development and to offer practical approaches for determining validation parameters like specificity, selectivity, recovery, lower limit of quantitation (LOQ), limit of detection (LOD), linearity, range, accuracy, precision, stability, ruggedness and robustness of High performance liquid chromatographic methods (HPLC)  to support pharmacokinetic studies. Accurate and sensitive analytical methods for quantitation of drugs and their metabolites are very important for the successful conduct of preclinical and clinical pharmacology studies..

A new class of heterocyclic compounds 1,3,4-thiadiazolo[3,2-a]-s-triazine have been synthesized as schiff’s base of 1,3,4- thiadiazole mix with ammonium acetate and various aromatic aldehyde treated in MW irradiation at 480 W. Reaction is based on microwave mediate multi-component reaction (MCRs). The structures of these compounds have been elucidated by spectral (IR, NMR & Mass) analysis. The title compounds were then evaluated for their in-vitro microbial activity against 2 gram –Ve bacteria (E.coli, K. pneumoniae), 2 gram +Ve bacteria (S.aerues, B.subtilis) and 1 fungal specie (A.niger). The some newly synthesized compounds have shown promising antimicrobial activity.

  Zanthoxylum armatum is used mainly in the Indian system of medicine as carminative, stomachic, toothache, fever, dyspepsia and expelling roundworms. Essential oils of Z.armatum exhibited good antibacterial, antifungal and anthelmintics activities. A wide variety of chemical compounds including alkaloids, flavonoids, sterols, triterpenoids have been found in this plant. It contains volatile oil with active constituents such as linalool, limonene and ligan. Various studies indicated that it possesses antilarvicidal, antifungal, hepatoprotective, and allopathic properties. This Review has basic information about Z.anthoxylum armatum and its biological activities for further development in this field.

  Triazine is the chemical species of six-membered heterocyclic ring compound with three nitrogens replacing carbon-hydrogen units in the benzene ring structure. The names of the three isomers indicate which of the carbon-hydrogen units on the benzene ring position of the molecule have been replaced by nitrogens, called 1,2,3-triazine, 1,2,4-triazine, and 1,3,5-triazine respectively. Symmetrical 1, 3, 5-triazine is the common.  Triazines are prepared from cyanic acid amide by trimerization (1, 3, 5-triazine). Pyridine is the aromatic nitrogen heterocyclic compound having only one nitrogen, and diazines are with 2 nitrogen atoms, triazine having three nitrogen and tetrazines are with 4 nitrogen atoms on the benzene ring system. Triazines are weak base. Triazines have much weaker resonance energy than benzene, so nucleophilic substitution is preferred than electrophilic substitution. Heterocyclic bearing a symmetrical s-triazines or 1, 3, 5-triazines moieties, represent an interesting class of compounds possessing a wide spectrum of biological activities such as anti-cancer, antiviral, fungicidal, insecticidal, bactericidal, herbicidal and antimicrobial, antimalarial agents. They also find applications as dyes, lubricants and analytical reagents.   Key words: Triazine, Nucleophilic substitution, Cyanuric chloride, 1, 3, 5-triazine, s- Triazine